A cigar is a roll of fermented, dried tobacco wrapped in a tobacco leaf, unlike a typical cigarette which uses paper. Cigars are traditionally not inhaled into the lungs, a difference rooted in both chemistry and physical sensation. The core reason for this divergence lies in how nicotine is delivered to the bloodstream and the harsh physical composition of the smoke itself.
Nicotine Absorption and Smoke pH
The difference in inhalation technique is linked to the chemical environment of the smoke produced. Cigar tobacco undergoes extensive fermentation, resulting in highly alkaline (basic) smoke, often registering a pH of around 8.5. This high pH affects the chemical form of nicotine in the smoke.
In alkaline conditions, nicotine exists in its un-ionized, or “free-base,” form, which is volatile and easily passes through membranes. This means nicotine can be efficiently absorbed directly through the mucous membranes lining the mouth and nasal cavity, a process known as buccal absorption. Cigarette tobacco, in contrast, is cured differently, producing acidic smoke, with a pH closer to 5.3.
The acidic smoke of a cigarette keeps the nicotine in an ionized form, which is not easily absorbed through the mouth. Therefore, cigarette smoke must be inhaled deeply into the lungs, where the large surface area of the alveoli allows for rapid absorption directly into the bloodstream. Because cigar smoke provides nicotine through the mouth, the physiological need for deep lung inhalation is eliminated.
The Physical Harshness of Cigar Smoke
Beyond the chemical mechanism of nicotine delivery, the physical qualities of cigar smoke make pulmonary inhalation irritating. The tobacco fermentation process, while enhancing flavor, results in a greater concentration of organic compounds released during combustion. Cigar smoke is substantially denser and contains a significantly higher concentration of particulate matter, often referred to as tar, compared to cigarette smoke.
A single large cigar can contain as much tobacco as an entire pack of cigarettes, leading to a much higher overall delivery of toxins. The smoke’s higher alkalinity, which is beneficial for buccal absorption, is also highly irritating to the sensitive tissues of the trachea and lungs. The smoke also contains elevated levels of irritants like carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides.
These factors combine to make the smoke physically harsh; attempting to draw it into the lungs causes an immediate, painful burning sensation and strong coughing reflex. The lack of a filter on most cigars further contributes to the density and direct delivery of these irritants. This physical barrier serves as a secondary mechanism discouraging deep inhalation.
Health Risks of Pulmonary Inhalation
Inhaling cigar smoke, whether intentionally or accidentally, significantly increases the associated health risks. The dense, toxin-laden smoke contains numerous carcinogens, and deep pulmonary exposure raises the risk of lung cancer. While cigar use is associated with oral and throat cancers, inhaling the smoke extends the damage to the lower respiratory system.
Inhaling deeply delivers a substantial dose of harmful substances to the lungs. It also results in a greater uptake of carbon monoxide into the bloodstream, which interferes with the blood’s ability to carry oxygen and increases the risk of heart disease. Regular cigar smokers who inhale face health risks comparable to those who smoke cigarettes, including an increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and emphysema.