Rubbing alcohol, known scientifically as isopropyl alcohol or isopropanol, is a common household product used for cleaning and disinfecting surfaces and wounds. It is a clear liquid with a strong, distinct odor, typically sold in concentrations ranging from 70% to 99% mixed with water. Ingesting rubbing alcohol is extremely dangerous because it is a potent toxin; even small amounts can quickly lead to severe poisoning, permanent organ damage, or death.
The Chemical Difference from Drinkable Alcohol
The alcohol found in beverages like beer, wine, and spirits is ethanol, or ethyl alcohol, which is structurally different from isopropyl alcohol. Both are organic molecules that contain a hydroxyl group, but the location of this group on the carbon chain fundamentally alters how the body metabolizes the compound. Ethanol is classified as a primary alcohol, where the hydroxyl group is attached to an end carbon atom. Isopropyl alcohol is a secondary alcohol, meaning the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom in the middle of a three-carbon chain.
How the Body Processes Isopropyl Alcohol
The body’s liver enzymes, primarily alcohol dehydrogenase, begin the process of breaking down any ingested alcohol. When ethanol is consumed, this enzyme converts it into acetaldehyde, which is then further broken down into relatively harmless compounds. In stark contrast, when isopropyl alcohol is swallowed, the same enzyme converts it directly into a substance called acetone.
Isopropyl alcohol is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and the resulting acetone is the primary source of prolonged toxicity. Acetone is the same chemical found in many nail polish removers, and the body struggles to eliminate it effectively. Acetone itself is a potent central nervous system (CNS) depressant that stays in the body for an extended period. The toxic effects are significantly more severe and prolonged than those experienced with typical ethanol intoxication, as the body attempts to excrete this toxic metabolite through the kidneys and lungs.
Symptoms of Rubbing Alcohol Poisoning
Ingestion of isopropyl alcohol can lead to a rapid onset of severe symptoms, sometimes appearing within thirty minutes. The chemical is highly irritating and corrosive to the gastrointestinal system, causing intense abdominal pain, nausea, and violent vomiting. In some cases, the corrosive nature of the alcohol can cause internal burns, leading to vomiting that contains blood.
The most severe effects stem from the depression of the central nervous system. Victims often display signs of profound intoxication, including slurred speech, dizziness, confusion, and a rapid descent into stupor. Severe poisoning can dangerously slow the respiratory rate, leading to depressed breathing and low blood pressure. Without immediate medical intervention, this condition can progress to respiratory failure, coma, and irreversible organ damage.
Immediate Actions After Ingestion
If rubbing alcohol is swallowed, immediate medical attention is necessary. Contact emergency services by calling 911 or the national Poison Help hotline at 1-800-222-1222, providing the person’s age, weight, and estimated amount ingested. Never attempt to induce vomiting unless specifically instructed by Poison Control or a healthcare provider, as this risks aspiration or further esophageal burns. Prevention is the most effective measure, so all containers of rubbing alcohol should be stored securely out of the reach of children.