Bleeding on probing is a common observation during dental examinations, signaling an underlying condition within the gum tissues. Understanding this term is a step toward maintaining healthy gums and overall oral well-being. This finding helps dentists and hygienists assess gum health, prompting further investigation and appropriate care.
What Bleeding on Probing Means
Bleeding on probing (BOP), also known as gingival bleeding or bleeding gums, describes bleeding that occurs when a dental professional gently manipulates the tissue at the depth of the gingival sulcus. This sulcus is the shallow space or interface between the gum and the tooth surface. During a dental examination, a periodontal probe, a small measuring tool, is gently inserted into this space to measure its depth and observe any bleeding.
The presence of bleeding on probing indicates inflammation within the gum tissues. This inflammation can cause the delicate lining of the gum sulcus to break down, leading to bleeding. While BOP does not always mean advanced periodontal disease, its consistent absence is a strong indicator of continued periodontal health, with approximately a 98% prediction rate for health.
Reasons for Bleeding on Probing
The most frequent cause of bleeding on probing is the accumulation of bacterial plaque at the gum line. When plaque is not removed regularly through brushing and flossing, it hardens into calculus, also known as tartar. This plaque and calculus irritate the gums, leading to inflammation called gingivitis, characterized by red, swollen, and easily bleeding gums.
Untreated gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a more advanced form of gum disease where inflammation spreads to the supporting bone structures around the teeth. This results in deeper gum pockets and further tissue destruction, increasing the likelihood of bleeding during probing. Beyond plaque buildup, other factors can contribute to BOP, including certain medications like aspirin and anticoagulants that increase general blood flow. Hormonal fluctuations, such as those experienced during puberty or pregnancy, can also make gums more susceptible to inflammation and bleeding. Less common causes include:
- Systemic conditions, such as diabetes or hypertension.
- Certain blood disorders, including leukemia.
- Nutritional deficiencies, like vitamin C or vitamin K deficiency.
Action Steps for Bleeding Gums
If you notice bleeding from your gums, especially during brushing or flossing, seeking a professional dental evaluation is a prudent first step. A dentist or dental hygienist can accurately diagnose the cause through an oral examination and may recommend additional tests if underlying systemic conditions are suspected. Professional cleanings, often involving scaling and root planing, are frequently recommended to remove hardened plaque and tartar from above and below the gum line.
Effective home care practices are also important in managing and preventing bleeding on probing. This involves brushing your teeth two to three times daily with a soft-bristled toothbrush, using gentle motions. Daily flossing is equally important to remove plaque and food particles from between teeth and along the gum line, areas a toothbrush cannot easily reach. Your dentist might also suggest using an antimicrobial mouthwash or an over-the-counter toothpaste. Avoiding tobacco use and maintaining a balanced diet further support gum health and reduce the risk of bleeding.