Nail splitting, medically termed onychoschizia, is a common and often frustrating condition where the nail plate separates into layers. This issue can affect both fingernails and toenails, leading to a jagged, uneven appearance. While generally not a serious health concern, understanding the reasons behind it can help in finding effective solutions.
Understanding Why Nails Split
Nails are composed of layers of keratin. When these layers separate, the nail appears to split or peel. Several factors can contribute to this separation, ranging from environmental influences to internal body conditions.
Environmental factors often contribute to nail splitting. Repeated exposure to water, such as from frequent hand washing or household chores, can cause nails to absorb moisture and then dry out, leading to weakening and splitting. Harsh chemicals found in cleaning products, strong nail polish removers (especially those containing acetone), and even certain nail polishes can strip the nail of its natural oils, making it dry and brittle. Physical trauma, even minor impacts like typing or using nails as tools, can also cause splits. Habits like nail biting or picking can further stress the nail plate, increasing the likelihood of splitting.
Nutritional considerations also play a role in nail health. Adequate hydration is important for maintaining nail moisture levels. Deficiencies in certain vitamins and minerals, such as iron, biotin (vitamin B7), zinc, and calcium, can contribute to brittle and splitting nails. For instance, low iron levels can lead to brittle nails. While supplements may be suggested, severe deficiencies are less common causes for isolated nail splitting.
As people age, nails become more prone to splitting. They may become drier, more brittle, and develop ridges, increasing the risk of separation. This is a normal part of the aging process, though its severity can vary among individuals.
Underlying health conditions, though less common as primary causes for just nail splitting, can also manifest through nail changes. Thyroid disorders, both underactive (hypothyroidism) and overactive (hyperthyroidism), can affect nail growth and lead to brittleness or splitting. Skin conditions like psoriasis and eczema can also cause nails to become brittle, crack, and split. Fungal infections of the nail, known as onychomycosis, can result in thickened, discolored, and crumbly nails that may split.
Steps to Improve Nail Health
Moisturization improves nail health and prevents splitting. Regularly applying hand creams and nail oils, especially after washing hands or bathing, helps to hydrate the nail plate and surrounding skin. Products containing ingredients like petroleum jelly, lanolin, glycerin, or alpha-hydroxy acids can be particularly effective at trapping moisture. Consistent hydration helps maintain the nail’s flexibility and strength.
Protective measures shield nails from damaging environmental factors. Wearing cotton-lined rubber gloves for household chores, especially those involving water or harsh chemicals, can significantly reduce moisture exposure and chemical contact. This physical barrier helps preserve the natural oils in the nails.
Gentle nail care practices prevent further damage. When filing nails, use a fine-grit file and move in one direction to avoid creating snags or weakening the nail layers. It is helpful to clip and file nails when they are wet, as dry nails are more prone to splitting. Avoiding harsh nail polish removers, particularly those with acetone, and giving nails breaks from continuous polish application can help maintain their integrity. Refraining from picking or biting nails is also important, as these habits can cause trauma and worsen splitting.
Dietary support supports nail strength. A balanced diet rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals provides the necessary building blocks for healthy nail growth. Foods like eggs, lean meats, fish, lentils, leafy greens, nuts, and seeds offer proteins, biotin, iron, and zinc, which are beneficial for nail health. While a balanced diet is recommended, the impact of supplements on nail splitting should be discussed with a healthcare professional, as they are typically only beneficial if a specific deficiency exists.
When to Consult a Doctor
If nail splitting persists despite consistent home care and lifestyle adjustments, seek medical advice. While many cases respond to preventive measures, ongoing splitting may indicate a need for professional evaluation.
A doctor’s visit is advisable if nail splitting is accompanied by other concerning symptoms. These can include pain, discoloration, swelling around the nail, or changes in the nail’s shape or thickness. Such signs could point to infections or other underlying conditions that require specific medical treatment.
If an underlying medical issue is suspected to contribute to nail splitting, especially with other symptoms, a healthcare professional can conduct appropriate tests. Conditions like thyroid disorders, severe nutritional deficiencies, or certain skin conditions may require diagnosis and management by a doctor. A doctor can determine if the nail problem is isolated or part of a broader health concern.