Gum thinning, commonly known as gum recession, is a widespread dental concern. This condition occurs when the gum tissue surrounding the teeth gradually wears away or pulls back. As a result, more of the tooth surface, or even the tooth’s root, becomes exposed.
Identifying Gum Recession
Recognizing gum recession often involves observing changes in your mouth. A primary visual sign is when teeth appear longer than before, as the gum line has moved down. You might also notice the tooth roots becoming visible, which are typically covered by gum tissue. Additionally, a distinct notch or indentation can form at the gum line where the gum has pulled away from the tooth surface.
Beyond visual cues, several sensations can indicate receding gums. Many individuals experience increased tooth sensitivity, particularly when consuming hot, cold, or sweet foods and drinks. This occurs because the exposed root surfaces lack the protective enamel of the crown. Changes in tooth color near the gum line, or a feeling that a tooth is loose, can also be signs of gum recession.
Primary Reasons for Gum Thinning
One common factor contributing to gum thinning is aggressive brushing. Using excessive force or a hard-bristled toothbrush can wear down delicate gum tissue. This mechanical abrasion gradually erodes the gum line.
Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is another significant cause of gum recession. This bacterial infection leads to inflammation and destruction of the gum tissue and the supporting bone around the teeth. As the infection progresses, the gums detach from the teeth and recede, forming pockets that can harbor more bacteria.
Some individuals have a genetic predisposition to thinner gums or less dense bone structure, making them more susceptible to recession. Bruxism, the habit of teeth grinding or clenching, places excessive force on teeth and their supporting structures. This constant pressure can contribute to the breakdown of gum tissue and bone.
Tobacco use, including smoking and chewing tobacco, compromises gum health. Chemicals in tobacco products restrict blood flow to the gums, hindering their ability to repair and resist infection. This makes gum tissues more vulnerable to damage and recession.
Poor oral hygiene allows plaque and tartar to accumulate on teeth. This buildup irritates the gums, causing inflammation that can lead to gum recession.
Orthodontic treatment can sometimes contribute to gum recession if teeth are moved too quickly or into positions where bone support is inadequate. Misaligned teeth themselves can also create areas where gums are more susceptible to wear.
Oral piercings, such as those on the tongue or lip, can cause chronic irritation and trauma to the gum tissue. The constant rubbing of the jewelry against the gums can wear them away.
Hormonal fluctuations, like those experienced during pregnancy or menopause, can make gums more sensitive and prone to inflammation, increasing the risk of recession.
Protecting Your Oral Health
Protecting your oral health helps prevent further gum thinning. Proper brushing techniques are fundamental, including using a soft-bristled toothbrush and applying gentle pressure. Brushing in small, circular motions rather than harsh scrubbing cleans teeth effectively without damaging gums.
Regular flossing removes plaque and food particles from between teeth and along the gum line. This practice helps prevent the buildup of bacteria that can lead to gum disease and recession.
Routine dental check-ups and professional cleanings allow for early detection of gum issues and removal of hardened plaque (tartar).
For those who grind or clench their teeth, a custom-fitted nightguard can help protect teeth and gums from bruxism. Eliminating tobacco products improves gum health. A balanced diet supports overall oral health, contributing to stronger gum tissues and better resistance to infection.
Professional Solutions for Gum Thinning
When gum thinning has occurred, professional treatments can help. A deep cleaning, known as scaling and root planing, is often the first step. This involves removing plaque and tartar from above and below the gum line and smoothing tooth roots to prevent bacterial reattachment. This process reduces inflammation and can encourage gums to reattach to teeth.
For more advanced cases, gum graft surgery may be recommended. This procedure involves taking healthy gum tissue from one part of the mouth, often the roof, and attaching it to the receded area. These grafts cover exposed roots, reduce sensitivity, and improve the gum line’s appearance.
Orthodontic treatment can also be part of the solution for receding gums. Realigning teeth can help distribute biting forces more evenly and improve gum tissue health.
For sensitive exposed root areas, dental bonding or fillings can be applied. These materials cover the root surface, reducing sensitivity and protecting the tooth.
If gum recession is severe or complex, a general dentist may refer a patient to a periodontist, a dental specialist in gum disease and supporting tooth structures.