Experiencing gum tissue that appears to grow over your teeth can be concerning, but it is a relatively common dental issue. This condition can make teeth seem shorter and impact the overall appearance of your smile. Gum overgrowth is often manageable with appropriate dental care.
Understanding Gum Overgrowth
The medical term for gum overgrowth is gingival enlargement or gingival hyperplasia. This condition involves an increase in the size of the gum tissue, causing the gums to appear swollen, puffy, or to extend further down the tooth surface. Healthy gums fit snugly around the teeth, but with enlargement, they may look bulbous or inflamed.
Excessive gum tissue can make it difficult to effectively clean your teeth, leading to challenges with oral hygiene. Enlarged gums create deeper pockets around the teeth, which are harder to reach with a toothbrush and floss. This contributes to plaque accumulation and inflammation, potentially worsening the condition.
Primary Causes of Gum Overgrowth
Gum overgrowth can stem from several factors.
One common reason for gum enlargement is certain medications. Drugs such as anti-seizure medications (e.g., phenytoin), immunosuppressants (e.g., cyclosporine), and calcium channel blockers (e.g., nifedipine), often used for heart conditions or high blood pressure, can stimulate gum tissue growth as a side effect.
Another cause is inflammatory or plaque-induced gingival enlargement. Poor oral hygiene allows plaque—a sticky film of bacteria—to accumulate on teeth and along the gum line. This buildup triggers an inflammatory response in the gums, known as gingivitis, which can cause them to swell, become red, and appear overgrown. Persistent inflammation can lead to chronic enlargement.
Systemic conditions can also contribute to gum overgrowth. Hormonal changes, such as those during puberty or pregnancy, can make gums more susceptible to swelling and tenderness. Certain diseases like leukemia or uncontrolled diabetes can also manifest with gum enlargement.
A genetic predisposition plays a role. Conditions like hereditary gingival fibromatosis are characterized by an inherited tendency for excessive gum tissue growth.
Treatment and Management Approaches
Addressing gum overgrowth involves professional dental treatments and consistent at-home care. The specific approach depends on the underlying cause of the enlargement.
Professional treatments begin with thorough cleanings. Scaling and root planing, which are deep cleaning procedures, remove accumulated plaque and tartar from above and below the gum line, significantly reducing inflammation. This reduction in irritants can help the gum tissue shrink back to a healthier size, especially if inflammation is the primary cause.
If medication is suspected as the cause, dentists may consult with the prescribing physician to explore options for adjusting or changing the medication. Individuals must not stop or alter prescribed medication without professional medical advice. An alternative drug may be available that causes less severe gum overgrowth.
When conservative methods are not sufficient, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove excess gum tissue. Procedures like gingivectomy or gingivoplasty involve the precise removal and reshaping of overgrown gum tissue to restore a more natural contour. These procedures can be performed using traditional scalpels or laser therapy.
Beyond professional treatments, consistent daily oral hygiene is important for managing and preventing gum overgrowth. This includes brushing your teeth thoroughly at least twice a day and flossing daily to remove plaque and food particles. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are also important for monitoring gum health and addressing any issues early. Maintaining overall health, including managing any systemic conditions, can also contribute to healthier gums. If you notice any signs of gum overgrowth, consulting a dentist promptly is advisable for an accurate diagnosis and a personalized treatment plan.