When gums appear to grow or swell in between teeth, it often signals a dental issue known as gingival overgrowth. This condition, also referred to as gingival hyperplasia or gingival enlargement, involves an increase in the size of the gum tissue. It is a symptom that can arise from various underlying factors, rather than being a normal occurrence within the mouth.
What is Gum Overgrowth?
Gingival overgrowth manifests as an enlargement of the gum tissue, sometimes appearing to grow over the teeth or between them. The affected gums might look puffy, swollen, or even make the teeth seem smaller than usual. This condition can also present as red, tender, or bleeding gums, potentially causing discomfort. While it can affect the appearance of teeth, gingival enlargement is more than a cosmetic concern, as it can impact oral health.
Underlying Reasons for Gum Overgrowth
Gum overgrowth can stem from several factors, with poor oral hygiene being a common contributor. When plaque accumulates on teeth, it can lead to inflammation of the gums, known as gingivitis, which may result in gum tissue enlargement. This inflammatory response can make gums tender, red, and prone to bleeding. Regular and effective oral hygiene practices are crucial in managing this cause.
Certain medications are also known to induce gum overgrowth. These include some anti-seizure drugs, such as phenytoin, immunosuppressants like cyclosporine used after organ transplants, and calcium channel blockers, which are often prescribed for high blood pressure and heart conditions. The overgrowth can make maintaining good oral hygiene challenging, potentially leading to further issues.
Systemic conditions can also contribute to gingival enlargement. Hormonal changes, such as those occurring during puberty or pregnancy, can make gums more susceptible to inflammation and overgrowth, even with minimal plaque. Certain blood disorders, including leukemia, can lead to gum enlargement due to the infiltration of abnormal cells into the gum tissue.
A genetic predisposition can also influence whether an individual develops gum overgrowth. Some rare inherited conditions, like hereditary gingival fibromatosis, cause the gums to develop firm, pink growths. The condition can be isolated or part of a broader syndromic pattern.
Orthodontic appliances, such as braces or retainers, can sometimes contribute to gum overgrowth. They can cause irritation to the gum tissue or make it more difficult to clean the teeth and gums effectively.
Addressing Gum Overgrowth
When gum overgrowth is present, seek a professional evaluation from a dentist. A dentist can accurately diagnose the cause of the overgrowth and rule out any serious underlying conditions. The diagnostic process typically involves a thorough examination of the oral cavity, a review of the patient’s medical history, and a detailed list of any medications being taken.
Treatment approaches for gum overgrowth vary depending on the identified cause. For cases primarily linked to poor oral hygiene, improved brushing and flossing techniques, along with professional dental cleanings like scaling and root planing, are often the first line of treatment. If medication is the cause, a physician, in consultation with the dentist, might consider adjusting the medication or switching to an alternative drug that does not induce gum overgrowth. However, patients should never stop taking prescribed medication without medical advice.
In some instances where the excess gum tissue is significant or does not respond to conservative treatments, surgical removal may be necessary. A procedure called a gingivectomy can restore normal gum contours. During any treatment, diligent at-home oral care remains crucial to support healing and prevent recurrence.
Preventing Future Gum Overgrowth
Maintaining excellent oral hygiene is fundamental in preventing future gum overgrowth. This includes consistent and thorough brushing of teeth at least twice a day, daily flossing to remove plaque and food particles from between teeth and along the gumline, and using an antiseptic mouthwash. These practices significantly reduce plaque buildup, which is a common trigger for gum inflammation and enlargement.
Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are also important. Routine visits allow dental professionals to monitor gum health, identify early signs of overgrowth, and remove hardened plaque (calculus) that cannot be eliminated by brushing and flossing alone. Early intervention can often prevent the condition from progressing.
For individuals taking medications known to cause gum overgrowth, discuss any gum changes with their doctor. While medication adjustments should only be made under medical supervision, open communication between the patient, dentist, and physician can lead to strategies for managing this side effect. Adopting a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, and effectively managing any systemic health conditions can also contribute to overall gum health and reduce the risk of future overgrowth.