Gum recession, commonly called “gums going up,” is a common dental concern where the gum tissue surrounding the teeth pulls back, exposing more of the tooth surface or root. This gradual process can frequently go unnoticed until it becomes more pronounced. While it is a widespread condition, particularly affecting adults over 65, it can begin in adolescence.
Understanding Gum Recession
Gum recession manifests visually as teeth appearing longer than usual. A noticeable notch or indentation near the gum line can also be felt. The exposed tooth root might appear darker than the enamel-covered crown. This exposure occurs because the protective gum tissue, which normally forms a tight seal around the teeth, retracts. Unlike the enamel that covers the visible part of the tooth, the root is covered by a softer material called cementum, offering less protection.
Gum recession typically progresses slowly over years, which is why many individuals may not notice it immediately. Early detection and treatment are important to prevent further complications.
Common Causes of Gum Recession
Several factors contribute to the development of gum recession. The primary cause is often periodontal disease, a bacterial infection that inflames and damages the gum tissue and the supporting bone that anchors teeth. This disease starts with plaque and tartar buildup on teeth and gums, irritating the tissues and causing them to pull away, forming pockets where more bacteria can accumulate.
Aggressive tooth brushing is another significant factor. Brushing too hard or using a hard-bristled toothbrush can wear away both the tooth enamel and the delicate gum tissue over time. This mechanical trauma can lead to the gums receding. Proper brushing technique involves using a soft-bristled brush at a 45-degree angle to the gum line, using gentle, circular motions.
Genetics also plays a role, as some individuals are predisposed to gum recession due to naturally thin gum tissue. Tobacco use, whether smoking or chewing, increases the risk of gum recession and gum disease. Chemicals in tobacco products adhere to teeth and gums, forming tartar and damaging tissues. Tobacco also reduces saliva flow and impairs the mouth’s ability to heal.
Teeth grinding and clenching (bruxism) can exert excessive force on the teeth, contributing to gum recession. Misaligned teeth or bite problems can create uneven pressure distribution, causing recession in areas that bear excessive force. Oral piercings in the lip or tongue can irritate and wear away gum tissue by constantly rubbing against it.
Consequences of Receding Gums
Receding gums can lead to various oral health problems. One of the most common consequences is increased tooth sensitivity. Since the tooth roots, unlike the crowns, are not covered by protective enamel but by softer cementum, their exposure makes them sensitive to hot, cold, or sweet foods and drinks. This sensitivity can cause discomfort.
Exposed tooth roots are also susceptible to decay and cavities. The cementum covering the root is softer than enamel, making it vulnerable to erosion and bacterial acid attacks. In severe cases, particularly when gum recession is a result of advanced periodontal disease, the supporting bone structure around the teeth can be destroyed. This loss of support can cause teeth to become loose and, if left untreated, may ultimately result in tooth loss. Receding gums can also impact the appearance of a person’s smile, making teeth look disproportionately long.
Addressing and Preventing Gum Recession
If gum recession is noticed, consulting a dentist is important for proper diagnosis and a personalized treatment plan. Mild cases might be managed through non-surgical treatments. Professional dental cleaning, known as scaling and root planing, removes plaque and tartar from above and below the gum line. This helps eliminate disease-causing bacteria and smooths root surfaces, allowing gums to reattach.
For significant recession, surgical interventions may be necessary. Gum grafting is a common procedure where healthy gum tissue is placed over the exposed roots to restore the gum line, protecting the tooth and improving aesthetics. Dental bonding applies tooth-colored resin to the exposed root, covering the area and reducing sensitivity. Orthodontic treatment can help correct misaligned teeth.
Preventive measures are crucial. Practice proper oral hygiene, including gentle brushing twice daily with a soft-bristled toothbrush and daily flossing. Regular dental check-ups allow dentists to detect and address issues early. If teeth grinding is a concern, a nightguard can protect teeth and gums from excessive force. Avoiding tobacco products increases the risk of gum disease and hinders healing.