Bleeding gums are a common concern, but during pregnancy, the symptom often becomes more pronounced. The condition known as “pregnancy gingivitis” affects between 60% and 75% of pregnant individuals. This inflammation and bleeding, often noticed during brushing or flossing, is primarily a response to profound hormonal shifts. While the symptoms are usually mild and treatable, maintaining oral health is an important part of comprehensive prenatal care.
The Hormonal Link: Why Pregnancy Affects Gum Health
The increase in circulating sex steroid hormones, specifically estrogen and progesterone, is the primary driver behind pregnancy gingivitis. These hormones cause blood vessels in the gum tissue to dilate and become more permeable, significantly increasing blood flow. This heightened vascularity makes the gum tissue appear redder, swollen, and sensitive to bacterial plaque.
The body’s immune response to plaque bacteria becomes exaggerated due to these hormonal changes. Even a small amount of plaque can trigger a noticeable inflammatory response, leading to tenderness and bleeding. Progesterone encourages the production of inflammatory substances, such as prostaglandins, making the gums vulnerable to infection.
This hyper-reactive tissue can sometimes result in an overgrowth of gum tissue. These small, reddish, benign growths are referred to as “pregnancy tumors” or pyogenic granulomas. They are not cancerous and are a hormonal side effect that typically subsides after delivery.
Steps for Effective Oral Care During Pregnancy
Meticulous oral hygiene is the best defense, as inflammation results from the combined effect of plaque and hormones. Brushing twice daily with a soft-bristled toothbrush is recommended, using gentle, circular motions to clean the gum line. Daily flossing is necessary to remove plaque between teeth, even if it causes temporary bleeding.
Communicate your pregnancy status to your dentist or dental hygienist. Professional dental cleanings and check-ups are safe throughout pregnancy, often recommended during the second trimester. These visits help remove hardened plaque and calculus that cannot be removed by brushing alone, reducing the inflammatory burden.
Dental X-Rays
Dental X-rays are generally considered safe when proper precautions are taken. The radiation dose is very low, and a lead apron and thyroid collar are used to shield the abdomen and minimize fetal exposure. Delaying a necessary X-ray to diagnose a serious infection can pose a greater risk.
Managing Morning Sickness
Morning sickness can impact dental health because stomach acid in vomit erodes tooth enamel if teeth are brushed immediately afterward. Instead of brushing, rinse the mouth thoroughly with water or a solution of water mixed with baking soda to neutralize the acid. Wait about 30 minutes before brushing to allow the enamel to re-harden.
Connecting Gum Health to Overall Pregnancy Outcomes
While pregnancy gingivitis is common and reversible, untreated gum disease that progresses to periodontitis is a serious concern. Periodontitis is a chronic bacterial infection that damages the bone and tissues supporting the teeth. Studies correlate moderate to severe periodontitis with broader systemic health issues.
Inflammation and bacteria in the gums can release compounds that enter the bloodstream. These inflammatory mediators may travel through the body and potentially contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes. These outcomes include an increased risk of preterm delivery (birth before 37 weeks) and low birth weight.
Treating existing gum disease is viewed as a safe and beneficial step in prenatal care. This helps mitigate potential inflammatory risks that could affect the pregnancy. Maintaining regular dental appointments and adhering to a thorough home care routine is a proactive measure for expectant mothers.