The sensation of having plugged ears, known as aural fullness, is a frequent symptom during common illnesses like a cold or the flu. This feeling occurs when ears seem muffled or pressurized, similar to a change in altitude. It is a temporary condition related to the body’s inability to regulate air pressure within the middle ear space. Understanding the underlying mechanism offers clarity on why this symptom accompanies a respiratory infection.
The Role of the Eustachian Tube
The feeling of fullness originates from the Eustachian tube, a narrow channel connecting the middle ear to the upper throat (nasopharynx). The primary function of this tube is to ventilate the middle ear, ensuring that air pressure inside the eardrum matches the pressure outside. The tube is mostly closed but opens briefly when an individual swallows, yawns, or chews. This opening allows air to pass through, which equalizes and maintains pressure.
The Eustachian tube also permits the drainage of fluid and mucus from the middle ear cavity. It is lined with a mucous membrane continuous with the lining of the nasal and throat passages. When working correctly, this system prevents fluid accumulation behind the eardrum, which is necessary for the eardrum to vibrate effectively and transmit sound waves.
How Illness Causes Blockage
When the body fights an infection, such as a cold or sinus infection, the immune response causes inflammation in the nasal and throat passages. This inflammation extends to the mucous lining inside the Eustachian tube, causing it to swell and narrow the passage. The swollen lining makes it difficult or impossible for the tube to open properly, even when swallowing.
Illness also triggers the production of excess, thickened mucus in the upper respiratory tract. This mucus can back up and physically block the opening of the Eustachian tube at the nasopharynx. When the tube is obstructed, air pressure in the middle ear cannot be equalized with the external environment. This creates negative pressure, pulling the eardrum inward and resulting in the feeling of pressure and muffled hearing. The blocked tube also prevents the natural drainage of middle ear secretions, leading to fluid accumulation.
Strategies for Immediate Relief
Several gentle techniques can be used at home to encourage the Eustachian tubes to open and relieve pressure. The Valsalva maneuver involves closing the mouth, pinching the nostrils shut, and then gently attempting to exhale through the nose. This action pushes air into the Eustachian tubes, often causing a “pop” sensation that indicates pressure equalization.
Swallowing, yawning, or chewing gum can also activate the small muscles that help open the tube, offering a less forceful method of relief. Introducing moisture into the air helps thin thick mucus and reduce swelling in the nasal passages. Using a humidifier or inhaling steam can soothe irritated membranes and promote drainage.
Over-the-counter nasal decongestant sprays or oral decongestants can reduce the swelling of the membranes lining the nasal passages and the Eustachian tube. Nasal sprays should be used for a maximum of three days to prevent rebound congestion, which can worsen the blockage. Saline nasal rinses are a safe option to flush mucus and reduce congestion without the risk of overuse.
When to Consult a Doctor
While plugged ears during an illness are typically temporary, certain symptoms warrant a medical evaluation. If the sensation of fullness persists for more than a week or two after other cold symptoms disappear, it may indicate a persistent fluid buildup requiring treatment. Severe or rapidly worsening ear pain can be a sign that a middle ear infection has developed.
Other warning signs include a high fever, sudden dizziness (vertigo), or any discharge of fluid or pus from the ear canal. These symptoms suggest a potential complication, such as a severe infection or involvement of the inner ear structures. Seeking professional advice ensures the underlying cause is correctly identified and treated to prevent further complications.