Eels, a diverse group of elongated fish, inhabit a wide range of aquatic environments, from freshwater rivers to the deepest parts of the ocean. While many species are harmless, a common perception links them to danger. This article explores the specific characteristics of certain eels that contribute to this reputation, clarifying the genuine threats they can pose and addressing common misconceptions.
Understanding Electric Shock
Electric eels, belonging to the genus Electrophorus, generate powerful electric discharges. These South American freshwater inhabitants produce electricity using specialized organs that contain modified muscle cells called electrocytes, acting like biological batteries.
Electric eels use two main types of electric discharges. Weaker pulses, around 10 volts, are emitted by the Sach’s organ for navigation and locating prey. For hunting and self-defense, the main organ and Hunter’s organ unleash strong shocks. These powerful bursts can reach up to 860 volts and 1 ampere of current, enough to stun prey or deter predators.
A shock from an electric eel can cause pain, muscle spasms, and temporary paralysis in humans. While a single jolt is rarely fatal, multiple shocks or exposure to pre-existing heart conditions can be serious. Such encounters might lead to respiratory arrest, heart failure, or incapacitation that could result in drowning.
The Threat of Bites
Beyond electric shocks, certain eel species are known for their bites. Moray eels (family Muraenidae) and conger eels (family Congridae) are examples with physical attributes for capturing prey. They feature strong jaws and numerous sharp, backward-pointing teeth; morays even have a second set of pharyngeal jaws to secure their catch.
These eels bite humans when threatened, provoked, or if they mistake a hand for food due to their poor eyesight. Accidental bites can occur during fishing or diving if one reaches into a crevice where an eel might be hiding. Bites can cause deep lacerations, puncture wounds, and significant bleeding.
A moray eel’s backward-curving teeth make it difficult to dislodge, and pulling away can worsen the injury. Bites carry a high risk of infection from bacteria like Vibrio and Pseudomonas in the eel’s mouth. In severe cases, bites can result in tendon or nerve damage, tissue loss, or even digit loss.
Not All Eels Pose a Threat
While electric eels and biting species pose dangers, not all eels are inherently dangerous to humans. The term “eel” encompasses a vast, diverse group of thousands of species found across various aquatic habitats. Many of these species are small, shy, and pose no threat.
The specific risks discussed, such as powerful electric shocks or severe bites, apply only to a limited number of specialized eel types. Most eels are docile and prefer to avoid human interaction. The vast majority of eel species play their ecological roles without harmful contact with people.
Safe Interactions with Eels
Exercising caution and respecting eel behavior can significantly reduce adverse encounters. Swimmers, divers, and fishermen should avoid provoking any eel, including cornering or handling them. Also, avoid reaching into dark holes, rock crevices, or other potential hiding spots where eels may reside.
If an eel is encountered, maintain a respectful distance and observe it without sudden movements. Divers should be aware of their surroundings and avoid hand-feeding marine life, as this can lead to eels associating humans with food. Following these guidelines helps ensure a safe experience in aquatic environments.
In the event of an eel bite, immediate first aid is important. Clean the wound thoroughly with soap and water, and apply direct pressure to control bleeding. After initial cleaning, apply antibiotic ointment and cover the wound with a sterile bandage. For deep wounds, persistent bleeding, infection signs, or allergic reactions, prompt medical attention is necessary. A medical professional can assess the injury, determine if stitches or a tetanus shot are needed, and prescribe antibiotics.