Polydactyly describes a condition where a cat possesses more toes than the typical number. Normal cats usually have five toes on each front paw and four on each back paw, totaling eighteen digits. Polydactyl cats, however, are born with extra digits on one or more of their paws, making their feet appear larger or wider. This is a congenital variation.
The Genetic Basis of Polydactyly
The presence of extra toes in cats stems from a genetic mutation. This trait is inherited as an autosomal dominant gene. If only one parent carries the gene, their offspring will likely exhibit the trait. Research indicates this mutation affects a regulatory sequence, called ZRS, which controls the expression of a gene involved in limb formation.
The polydactyly gene is considered a harmless genetic variation. While a single dominant gene causes the trait, its expression can vary significantly, meaning the number and appearance of extra toes can differ. This genetic characteristic is present across various cat breeds, although it has been notably associated with Maine Coon cats.
Forms and Prevalence of Polydactyl Cats
Polydactyly can manifest in several ways, with extra toes appearing on the front paws, hind paws, or sometimes all four. The most common presentation is extra toes on the front paws, often resulting in a “mitten paw” or “thumb cat” appearance. These extra digits can vary in structure, ranging from soft tissue growths to fully formed digits with bone structure.
Historically, polydactyl cats were common aboard ships. Sailors favored these multi-toed cats, believing they brought good luck and were superior at catching rodents due to their larger paws. This historical association explains their higher prevalence in port cities. The author Ernest Hemingway was an enthusiast of polydactyl cats, with his Key West home still housing many descendants of his original six-toed cat, Snow White, leading to the nickname “Hemingway cats.”
Life with a Polydactyl Cat
For most polydactyl cats, the extra toes do not cause health problems. However, the additional digits often require specific care, particularly regarding nail maintenance. The nails on these extra toes can sometimes grow abnormally or curl inward, potentially leading to discomfort, ingrown nails, or infections if not trimmed regularly. Consistent nail trimming is important to prevent such issues.
Some owners and historical accounts suggest that the wider paws of polydactyl cats might offer advantages, such as enhanced balance, improved climbing ability, and better grip for hunting or playing. While these cats generally lead healthy lives, owners should regularly inspect their paws for any signs of redness, swelling, or lameness. Veterinary consultations can provide guidance on proper paw care and address any concerns related to the extra digits.