The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, located below the rib cage on either side of the spine, and they perform several important functions that maintain overall body balance. These organs filter waste products and excess fluid from the blood, producing urine that is then excreted from the body. Additionally, kidneys help regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and produce hormones involved in red blood cell production and bone health. Their malfunction can lead to serious health issues.
The Role of a Nephrologist
A nephrologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of kidney diseases. Nephrologists undergo extensive training, including medical school, a three-year residency in internal medicine, and a two to three-year fellowship in nephrology.
The scope of a nephrologist’s practice includes a wide range of conditions, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), acute kidney injury, kidney stones, and hypertension linked to kidney issues. They also treat conditions like glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, and various electrolyte imbalances. Nephrologists are also involved in managing dialysis treatments, including hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, and provide care before and after kidney transplantation. They also work to preserve kidney function and manage complications, often collaborating with other specialists due to the systemic impact of kidney disease.
When to Seek Specialized Kidney Care
Several signs and symptoms may indicate a need for specialized kidney care, prompting a referral to a nephrologist. Persistent fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and general weakness can signal a buildup of toxins due to impaired kidney function. Swelling in the legs, ankles, feet, or around the eyes may occur when kidneys cannot effectively remove excess fluid and sodium from the body.
Changes in urination patterns, such as increased frequency, especially at night, or the presence of foamy or bloody urine, are indicators of kidney problems. Unexplained high blood pressure that is difficult to control can suggest kidney involvement. Individuals with existing conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, or a family history of kidney disease are at a higher risk and should consider a referral if routine tests show abnormalities.
The Broader Kidney Care Team
Kidney care often involves a collaborative approach from a multidisciplinary team. While the nephrologist leads medical management, other healthcare professionals contribute their specialized skills. Dialysis nurses, for instance, oversee dialysis treatments and administer medications.
Renal dietitians provide guidance on kidney-friendly diets for managing disease progression and complications. Social workers offer support for lifestyle adjustments and financial aspects associated with kidney conditions. For patients needing advanced interventions, transplant surgeons are involved in kidney transplantation, working closely with nephrologists for pre- and post-operative care. Primary care physicians also remain members of this team, often initiating referrals to a nephrologist and coordinating overall patient health.