Mountain lions (Puma concolor), also known as cougars or pumas, are apex predators native to the Americas. These large, solitary felids have a muscular build, tawny coats, and long, heavy tails for balance. While historically widespread, their U.S. distribution is now more specific, often making them elusive.
States with Established Mountain Lion Populations
Established mountain lion populations are primarily in the western United States. California has a significant, widespread population, facing challenges from habitat fragmentation. Colorado also has a robust, widely distributed population in suitable habitats. Arizona, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho also have healthy populations.
Oregon and Washington also host established populations, often in rugged, forested areas. South Dakota has a smaller, established population in the Black Hills. Texas also has a stable population, mainly in the western Trans-Pecos region. The critically endangered Florida panther, a distinct subspecies, is the only established mountain lion population east of the Mississippi River.
Understanding Mountain Lion Habitats
Mountain lions thrive in diverse environments with dense cover, varied topography, and abundant prey. They inhabit rugged terrain like mountains, canyons, forests, and scrublands, ideal for stalking prey and raising young. Dense vegetation, such as chaparral or conifer forests, is important for ambush hunting and den sites.
Sufficient prey, predominantly deer, is the most important factor determining mountain lion distribution. Their territories often align with areas supporting healthy populations of mule deer, white-tailed deer, and elk. Historically, human development and agricultural expansion have fragmented habitats, influencing where mountain lions can live and reproduce. This fragmentation can lead to isolated populations and increased interactions with human settlements.
Staying Safe Around Mountain Lions
Awareness is important in mountain lion habitats; encounters are rare as they generally avoid humans. When hiking, travel in groups and keep children and pets close, ideally on a leash. Mountain lions are more likely to approach isolated or vulnerable individuals.
If you encounter a mountain lion, do not run; this can trigger a chase response. Instead, appear as large as possible: stand tall, raise your arms, and open your jacket. Speak firmly and loudly, maintaining eye contact without staring aggressively. If the mountain lion approaches, throw rocks or sticks. If an attack occurs, fight back aggressively with anything available.