A heart attack is a medical emergency where blood flow to a part of the heart muscle becomes severely reduced or blocked. This blockage often occurs due to a buildup of fatty, cholesterol-containing deposits, known as plaques, in the heart’s arteries. When blood flow is insufficient, the heart muscle cannot receive enough oxygen, leading to damage and potential death of heart tissue. Recognizing the signs of a heart attack promptly is important for timely intervention and improved outcomes.
The Nature of Arm Pain in a Heart Attack
Arm pain is a symptom of a heart attack, though not always experienced. While it commonly affects the left arm, pain can also manifest in the right arm or both arms. The sensation is described as a dull ache, pressure, squeezing, or numbness, rather than a sharp, stabbing pain. This discomfort may spread or radiate from the chest to the arm, shoulder, neck, jaw, back, or even the stomach. The pain may be sudden and intense, or it can develop more gradually.
Why Arm Pain Occurs During a Heart Attack
Arm pain during a heart attack is an example of “referred pain.” This happens because nerves from the heart and nerves from the arm, as well as other areas like the jaw or back, send signals to the same part of the brain. When the heart muscle is deprived of oxygen due to a blockage, it sends distress signals through these shared nerve pathways. The brain can then misinterpret these signals, perceiving the pain as originating from other body parts, such as the arm, rather than directly from the heart.
Recognizing All Heart Attack Warning Signs
Beyond arm pain, several other symptoms can indicate a heart attack. Chest pain or discomfort is the most common symptom, often described as pressure, squeezing, fullness, or a heavy sensation in the center or left side of the chest. This discomfort may last for more than a few minutes or can go away and return. Shortness of breath, with or without chest discomfort, is another warning sign.
Other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, lightheadedness or sudden dizziness, and breaking out in a cold sweat. Some individuals may also experience extreme fatigue or pain in the back, neck, or jaw. Symptoms can vary among individuals; for example, women may experience less typical chest pain and more fatigue, nausea, or jaw pain. People with diabetes may also have atypical or subtle symptoms due to nerve damage, making it important to be aware of even mild signs like unexplained fatigue or discomfort.
What to Do in a Suspected Heart Attack Emergency
If a heart attack is suspected, immediate action is important as time is key for treatment and minimizing heart damage. The first step is to call emergency services, such as 911. Emergency medical personnel can begin treatment on the way to the hospital, which speeds up diagnosis and care upon arrival. Driving oneself or having someone else drive to the hospital is not recommended, as it delays life-saving care.
If the person is conscious and not allergic to aspirin, they can chew and swallow a regular-strength aspirin tablet while waiting for emergency help to arrive. Aspirin helps to thin the blood and improve blood flow to the heart, but it should only be taken if advised by emergency dispatch. Staying calm and following the instructions provided by the emergency dispatcher are also important steps.