The Aloe genus encompasses over 650 species of flowering succulent plants. The use of certain aloe species for health and beauty dates back thousands of years, but this history has led to confusion about which specific plant provides the widely recognized skin-soothing properties. Not all species possess the same therapeutic compounds, making species identification necessary for safe and effective topical application.
Identifying the Medicinal Aloe Species
The specific plant universally recognized and utilized for its dermatological benefits is Aloe barbadensis Miller, commonly known as Aloe Vera. This species is the standard source for pharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes, distinguishing it from hundreds of other aloes. It is the most widely researched species acknowledged for topical use.
A. barbadensis Miller is characterized by thick, fleshy, lance-shaped leaves arranged in a rosette pattern. Mature leaves are typically a solid gray-green color, often losing the white spots or streaks present when the plant is young. The flowers of this medicinal species are characteristically yellow, which helps differentiate it from other aloes that may produce red or orange blooms.
The Active Compounds for Skin Health
The clear, mucilaginous gel found in the inner part of the Aloe barbadensis Miller leaf is composed of approximately 99% water. The remaining 1% contains a complex mixture of bioactive compounds that provide the plant’s therapeutic effects on the skin. A primary component is acemannan, a polysaccharide that promotes hydration and helps the skin maintain moisture.
The gel also contains vitamins A, C, and E, which function as antioxidants to neutralize free radicals that cause cellular damage. Enzymes like bradykinase help reduce localized inflammation when the gel is applied topically. Other beneficial compounds include salicylic acid, which provides anti-inflammatory and mild antibacterial properties, and saponins, which offer cleansing and antiseptic effects. This biochemical profile enhances wound healing by supporting collagen synthesis and promoting cell proliferation and migration.
Safe Extraction and Preparation of the Gel
For safe topical use, it is necessary to separate the clear inner gel from the yellowish, bitter fluid known as latex. The latex is located just beneath the outer green rind and contains anthraquinones, such as aloin, which can be irritating to the skin and act as a strong laxative if ingested. To begin the preparation, select a healthy, plump leaf from the outer part of the plant and cut it near the base.
Immediately after cutting, place the leaf upright, cut-end down, in a container for about 10 to 15 minutes to allow the yellow latex to drain completely. This “bleeding” process removes the irritant compounds before proceeding with the extraction. Once the latex has drained, trim the spiny edges from the sides of the leaf. Lay the leaf flat and use a sharp knife to carefully fillet away the thick, green outer rind, exposing the clear, jelly-like pulp inside, which can then be scooped out and used.
Specific Skin Conditions Treated
The fresh gel is widely used as a soothing, moisturizing agent for various minor dermatological issues. Its most popular application is for treating minor burns, including common sunburn, where it helps reduce inflammation and supports the skin’s natural healing process. The gel’s hydrating properties make it effective for moisturizing dry skin and improving skin integrity, particularly in cases of occupational exposure.
It is also commonly applied to soothe minor skin irritations, insect bites, and small abrasions. The antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory actions of the gel offer benefits for individuals with acne, helping to calm breakouts and reduce associated redness. Research suggests the gel may help lighten hyperpigmentation, such as post-acne dark spots, due to compounds like aloesin that inhibit melanin production.