Ötzi, often called the “Iceman,” is a remarkably preserved natural mummy from the Copper Age, offering an unparalleled glimpse into human life more than 5,000 years ago. His discovery provided researchers with direct insights into the tools, clothing, diet, and health of a European individual from this prehistoric period. The unique conditions of his preservation have made him an invaluable subject for scientific study.
The Discovery Site in the Alps
Ötzi was found high in the Ötztal Alps. The precise location of his discovery was the Tisenjoch, a ridge near the Similaun mountain, at an elevation of 3,210 meters (10,530 feet) above sea level. This rugged, high-alpine environment is characterized by glaciers and perennial ice, which played a crucial role in his exceptional preservation. The site is situated at the head of the Finailtal valley. Consistent sub-zero temperatures and encasement in ice prevented natural decomposition, creating a unique time capsule.
The Unearthing of Ötzi
The Iceman’s unexpected emergence occurred on September 19, 1991, when German tourists Erika and Helmut Simon were hiking in the remote alpine region. A warm summer had caused significant melting of glacial ice, exposing Ötzi’s upper body. Initially, discoverers and local authorities believed they had stumbled upon a recent mountaineering accident victim.
The recovery process proved challenging due to the remote and icy terrain. Rescue teams faced difficulties in freeing the body, and poor weather conditions further complicated efforts. After several attempts, Ötzi’s complete removal from the ice was achieved on September 23, 1991. The body was then transported to Innsbruck, Austria, for initial examination, marking the beginning of extensive scientific research.
The Border Dispute and Its Resolution
The exact location of Ötzi’s discovery triggered an international dispute regarding ownership between Austria and Italy. The site was near the modern-day border, and the shifting nature of glaciers, combined with imprecise border markers, led to initial uncertainty about which country held jurisdiction. An official survey was conducted to precisely determine the border.
This survey relied on the principle of the watershed line, which defines borders based on the natural division of water flow. The results revealed that Ötzi’s find spot was located just 92.56 meters inside Italian territory. Consequently, Ötzi became the property of the autonomous province of South Tyrol, Italy. His remains and artifacts found with him have since been housed and exhibited at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, Italy.