Growing an apple tree from seed is a rewarding project that begins long before the first sprout appears. The success of this endeavor depends almost entirely on choosing the right seeds due to their unique genetic makeup. This guide provides the necessary background and identifies reliable places to purchase viable, genetically appropriate seeds for planting.
Understanding Apple Genetics: Why Sourcing Specific Seeds is Essential
Apple trees, scientifically known as Malus domestica, are famously heterozygous, meaning their genetic composition is highly varied. This extreme genetic diversity results in seeds that do not “breed true” to the parent apple. Planting a seed from a Honeycrisp or Fuji apple will not produce a tree with Honeycrisp or Fuji fruit.
Instead, the resulting seedling will be a unique genetic combination, often yielding fruit that is small, sour, or otherwise undesirable for eating. This unpredictable outcome is why commercial apple varieties are propagated by grafting, not by seed. Grafting involves attaching a cutting from a desired variety onto a separate rootstock, ensuring the fruit remains consistent.
When you purchase apple seeds, you are typically not aiming to reproduce a specific fruit variety, but rather to grow a sturdy, long-lived tree. These seedling trees are often grown specifically to become rootstocks for future grafting projects. The genetic variability, which is a drawback for fruit quality, is actually beneficial for creating strong, adaptable root systems.
Reputable Sources for Apple Seeds
The most reliable places to source apple seeds are specialized nurseries that focus on fruit trees. These businesses often harvest seeds from specific parent trees known for producing vigorous and disease-resistant seedling rootstock. They provide a higher guarantee of viability and genetic traits suited for growing a tree from scratch.
Horticultural seed banks and heritage seed exchanges are excellent sources for rare or antique apple seeds. These organizations prioritize preserving genetic diversity and may offer seeds from older varieties that are better adapted to specific climates or possess unique characteristics. Purchasing from these sources supports conservation efforts and can introduce unusual genetics to your garden.
Online seed retailers and marketplaces also carry apple seeds. When purchasing from these venues, check seller reviews and descriptions closely to ensure the seeds are fresh and properly labeled. Look for suppliers who specify the Malus species or the intended use, such as “seedling rootstock” or a specific heritage variety.
Local agricultural extension offices can be an unexpected but valuable resource, particularly for regional advice. They may not sell seeds directly, but they can often connect you with local fruit growers or small-scale nurseries in your area. These local connections can provide seeds from trees that are already proven to thrive in your specific soil and climate conditions.
Key Purchasing Considerations: Cultivar Selection and Seed Preparation
When examining seed listings, you will encounter two main types of apple seeds: those for a specific fruit cultivar and those designated for rootstock. Seeds for named cultivars, like ‘Honeycrisp’ or ‘McIntosh’, are intended for hobbyists who understand the unpredictable genetic outcome. Conversely, seeds sold specifically as “rootstock seed” are bred for traits like hardiness, disease resistance, and vigor, making them ideal for growing a base tree for future grafting.
Before purchase, verify the seed’s stratification status. Apple seeds possess a natural dormancy that must be broken by cold, moist conditions—a process called cold stratification. This mimics the natural winter cycle and is necessary for germination. Check if the seeds are sold as “pre-stratified,” meaning the seller has already performed the cold treatment. If not pre-stratified, you must perform the treatment yourself by storing them in a moist medium in the refrigerator for 60 to 90 days before planting.