Essential oils are concentrated plant extracts that capture the scent and flavor compounds, known as essences, from their source. These potent aromatic liquids have been used for centuries in traditional practices for their therapeutic properties. Aromatherapy, the practice of using these oils, often centers on their ability to promote deep relaxation and manage stress, which supports cardiovascular well-being. The calming effects of certain aromas help the body shift toward a more restful state, indirectly influencing various physiological systems.
Essential Oils Studied for Circulatory Support
Specific essential oils are known for their calming effects, which support healthy circulatory function by promoting parasympathetic nervous system activity. Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) is widely recognized for reducing anxiety and stress, and its compounds may help lower both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The main chemical constituents, linalool and linalyl acetate, are responsible for these relaxing effects. Inhaling lavender oil has also been shown to reduce the stress hormone cortisol.
Ylang Ylang (Cananga odorata) has demonstrated sedative properties, sometimes resulting in a decrease in both heart rate and blood pressure. Studies show that inhaling a blend containing Ylang Ylang can result in lower blood pressure compared to control groups. Bergamot (Citrus bergamia) is frequently included in calming blends, as it reduces cortisol levels and promotes a positive mood. Linalool, also found in Bergamot, affects vascular smooth muscle, helping to inhibit contractions that can tighten blood vessels.
The mechanism involves activating the body’s parasympathetic nervous system, shifting the body from a “fight or flight” response to a “rest and digest” state. Linalool and linalyl acetate, common components in these oils, act on the central nervous system to promote relaxation. Linalyl acetate has been studied for its anti-hypertensive properties and its ability to help relax vascular smooth muscle.
Two Primary Application Strategies
Essential oils are commonly applied through two strategies: inhalation and topical application, each offering a different path for the compounds to affect the body. Inhalation, or aromatherapy, involves breathing in aromatic molecules that travel directly to the olfactory system and then to the limbic system in the brain. This quick route influences the nervous system and emotional centers, providing rapid effects on mood and stress levels. This method can be achieved through passive diffusion using a cotton ball or actively with an electric diffuser.
Topical application allows the oil’s components to be absorbed through the skin, leading to systemic absorption into the bloodstream. This provides a more sustained presence of the compounds as they are distributed through the circulatory system. For this approach, oils must always be diluted in a carrier oil to ensure safety and prevent skin irritation. While inhalation works quickly on the nervous system, topical use allows for a more prolonged benefit.
Optimal Topical Application Points and Dilution
Topical application is most effective when concentrated on specific areas of the body that facilitate rapid absorption, often referred to as pulse points. These locations are where blood vessels lie closest to the skin surface, and the warmth helps accelerate the absorption and diffusion of the compounds. Applying oils to these points allows the active molecules to filter into the bloodstream more quickly.
The inner wrists are a popular application point, as the radial artery runs close to the surface, allowing for steady absorption and easy access for re-application. Other effective locations include:
- The sides of the neck and the area behind the ears, where the skin is thin and major blood vessels are near the surface.
- The area behind the earlobe on the mastoid bone, which is proximate to branches of the vagus nerve and may stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system.
- The soles of the feet, which have larger pores and are a traditional site for absorption.
- The back of the neck, particularly at the base of the skull, which tends to hold tension and is rich in nerve endings.
Regardless of the chosen application point, essential oils must be properly diluted before being applied to the skin to prevent irritation and sensitization. A safe and effective dilution for general topical use on adults is typically between 1% and 3%. A 2% dilution is often recommended for daily use and is achieved by adding approximately 12 drops of essential oil to one fluid ounce (30 ml) of a carrier oil. Carrier oils, such as jojoba, fractionated coconut oil, or sweet almond oil, are used to dilute the potent essential oil, reducing its concentration. Dilution is a safety measure that also enhances efficacy by slowing the oil’s evaporation, allowing for prolonged contact with the skin and better absorption.
Professional Guidance and Safety Precautions
While essential oils can be a supportive addition to a wellness routine, consult with a healthcare provider before using them, particularly if managing a pre-existing condition or taking prescribed medication. Essential oils are a complementary practice and are not a replacement for medical treatment, especially for serious conditions like high blood pressure. A medical professional can help ensure that the oils will not interfere with current medications or treatments.
Certain oils, like rosemary or sage, should be avoided by individuals with high blood pressure, as they may increase circulation or elevate blood pressure. Conversely, those prone to low blood pressure should use calming oils like lavender or Ylang Ylang with caution, as they can be overly sedating. Before applying any new essential oil blend, perform a patch test on a small spot to check for skin sensitivity or allergic reaction. Essential oils should always be kept away from the eyes and mucous membranes; discontinue use immediately if irritation occurs.