Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar. Its primary function is to prevent blood sugar from dropping too low by signaling the liver to release stored glucose. A synthetic version is an emergency medication for severe hypoglycemia, a condition where blood sugar levels fall dangerously low. It is crucial when an individual cannot safely consume sugar by mouth.
Recognizing the Need for Glucagon
Prompt intervention with glucagon is essential for severe hypoglycemia. Symptoms appear quickly, including confusion, disorientation, altered mental state, slurred speech, clumsiness, or difficulty with coordination. More severe signs of low blood sugar can include unresponsiveness, fainting, or seizures. If a person with diabetes shows these signs and cannot safely eat or drink, glucagon is necessary. Giving food or liquids by mouth to an unconscious individual risks choking.
Glucagon Administration Locations
Glucagon can be administered through different routes, depending on the product type. For injectable forms, suitable body sites with sufficient muscle or subcutaneous tissue include the outer thigh (recommended for accessibility and rapid absorption), upper arm, and outer buttock. Nasal glucagon, a dry powder, is administered into one nostril. This needle-free option is beneficial in emergencies, as the nasal lining’s many blood vessels enable rapid absorption. Regardless of the specific product, the chosen location should be easily accessible for quick administration during an emergency.
Administering Glucagon: Step-by-Step Guide
Glucagon administration varies by product type. For injectable glucagon requiring mixing, reconstitute the powder with the provided liquid. Inject the liquid into the vial, swirl gently until clear, then draw the dissolved medication into the syringe. Inject into the outer thigh, upper arm, or buttock by inserting the needle straight into the skin and pushing the plunger. Pre-filled syringes or auto-injectors simplify preparation; remove the cap and press the device against the site.
Nasal glucagon products, like Baqsimi, are ready-to-use devices. Remove the shrink wrap and device from its tube. Gently insert the tip into one nostril and firmly press the plunger to deliver the dose. The person does not need to inhale the powder for it to be effective. Always follow the specific instructions provided with your glucagon kit, as variations exist.
Immediate Actions After Glucagon
After glucagon administration, immediate actions ensure safety and recovery. Call emergency medical help (e.g., 911) immediately, even if the person appears to be recovering. Glucagon can cause nausea or vomiting, so position the person on their side to prevent choking. This recovery position helps keep the airway clear.
Monitor the person closely for responsiveness. An unconscious individual usually regains consciousness within 15 minutes. If no response occurs after 15 minutes, a second dose of glucagon may be given if available, while awaiting emergency services. Once awake and able to swallow safely, provide a fast-acting sugar (e.g., fruit juice) followed by a long-acting carbohydrate (e.g., crackers and cheese) to replenish glucose and prevent another drop.