Pannus refers to an abnormal layer of tissue that can develop in various parts of the body. Derived from the Latin word for “cloth” or “garment,” this medical term describes vascular, fibrous tissue that covers or extends over a normal body structure. While often associated with a specific area, pannus can manifest in different forms and locations, each with distinct characteristics.
The Abdominal Pannus
The most commonly recognized form, the abdominal pannus, describes an excess fold of skin and subcutaneous fat that hangs from the lower abdomen. This apron-like tissue typically extends over the pubic region, sometimes reaching the thighs or even the knees. It forms due to factors that stretch the skin and accumulate fat in the abdominal area.
Significant weight gain and obesity are primary contributors, as the body stores excess fat, leading to skin expansion. Following substantial weight loss, particularly 100 pounds or more, stretched skin may not fully retract, resulting in a prominent abdominal pannus. Pregnancy also plays a role, as abdominal skin and muscles stretch to accommodate a growing uterus; after childbirth, the skin might not return to its pre-pregnancy state, especially after multiple pregnancies.
Aging further contributes to an abdominal pannus because skin naturally loses elasticity over time due to decreased collagen production. Genetic predisposition can also influence where the body stores fat and how skin responds to stretching and changes. The overhanging tissue can vary in size from a mild fold covering the pubic area to a substantial mass extending much further.
Pannus Beyond the Abdomen
Beyond the abdominal region, “pannus” describes abnormal tissue growth in other medical contexts, often involving inflammation or tissue overgrowth. One notable location is within the joints, particularly in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. Here, pannus refers to an abnormal, extra layer of tissue that develops from the synovial membrane, the lining surrounding most joints.
This joint pannus can grow out of control, covering the surfaces of the joint’s bones and cartilage. While commonly found in smaller joints like those in the hands, wrists, and feet, it can also affect larger joints such as the knees and shoulders. The tissue is vascularized and can appear spongy or boggy.
Another distinct manifestation is corneal pannus, which involves the growth of blood vessels into the peripheral cornea of the eye. The cornea, the transparent outer layer, is typically avascular, meaning it lacks blood vessels. This abnormal vascularization can result from chronic inflammation, prolonged contact lens use leading to oxygen deprivation, or past eye injuries.
Associated Health Considerations
The presence of a pannus, regardless of its location, can lead to various health concerns. For an abdominal pannus, skin folds create an environment where moisture and friction are trapped, often leading to skin irritation and infections. This can manifest as heat rashes, fungal infections, or bacterial growth in the moist skin folds, a condition known as intertrigo. The weight and bulk of the pannus can also impede physical activity, making movement uncomfortable and challenging, and may contribute to lower back pain.
In joints, pannus tissue growth can cause pain, swelling, and stiffness within the affected joint. The pannus tissue can erode articular cartilage and bone, leading to permanent joint damage and potentially causing deformity. This destructive process can severely limit joint function and mobility.
Corneal pannus can also compromise vision. The abnormal growth of blood vessels onto the clear corneal surface can result in blurry or hazy vision. If left unaddressed, this vascularization can lead to scarring on the cornea, which directly impacts its transparency and can ultimately threaten sight.
Managing a Pannus
Addressing an abdominal pannus often involves a multi-faceted approach. For individuals seeking to reduce its size, lifestyle adjustments like weight management through diet and exercise can be beneficial, though they may not fully resolve significant excess skin. Maintaining proper hygiene and using anti-chafing creams are important for preventing skin irritation and infections within the folds. For those with substantial hanging skin, surgical removal through a panniculectomy can alleviate discomfort and improve mobility. This operation specifically targets the excess skin and fat, often improving quality of life.
Management of pannus in other body locations, such as joints or the eyes, typically focuses on treating the underlying medical condition causing its formation. For joint pannus related to rheumatoid arthritis, treatment involves medications that target the inflammatory process to slow or stop tissue growth and prevent further joint damage. These may include disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs or biologics; in some cases, surgical intervention may be considered to remove the pannus.
For corneal pannus, treatment depends on the underlying cause. If related to contact lens use, refitting lenses or discontinuing their wear might be recommended. Topical corticosteroids can manage active vascularization, and in more severe cases, laser surgery or corneal transplantation may be necessary to restore vision.