Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is an ancient oilseed crop, cultivated since at least 1600 B.C. The annual plant thrives in tropical and subtropical environments. Its small seeds are valued globally for their rich, nutty flavor and high oil content (44% to 60%), making them a dual-purpose ingredient and oil source important in global commerce.
Global Leaders in Sesame Production
The majority of the global sesame supply originates from the African and Asian continents, which possess the necessary climate for large-scale cultivation. Production volumes are consistently led by Sudan, India, and Myanmar, establishing them as the world’s largest producers. Sudan is a dominant force, often producing over a million metric tons annually.
The African continent is particularly dominant in exports, with Nigeria, Tanzania, and Ethiopia consistently ranking among the top five global suppliers. Much of the cultivation in these nations is rain-fed and managed by smallholder farmers, feeding into major international markets like China and Japan.
Essential Climate and Soil Requirements
The sesame plant withstands hot, dry conditions but requires specific environmental factors for optimal yield. The growing season lasts 110 to 150 frost-free days, with ideal daytime temperatures maintained between 25°C and 27°C (77°F to 80°F). Germination requires a soil temperature of at least 21°C (70°F), and growth slows significantly below 18°C (64°F).
Although drought-tolerant, sesame needs 500 to 650 millimeters (20 to 26 inches) of well-distributed rainfall for proper development. The crop is extremely sensitive to standing water and cannot survive waterlogged conditions. Sesame grows best in well-drained, medium-textured soils, such as sandy loams, which prevent root rot. The soil should maintain a neutral to slightly alkaline pH, ideally ranging from 5.0 to 8.0.
Cultivation in Emerging Regions
While traditional production centers dominate the market, sesame cultivation is increasing in regions not historically recognized for high volume. Brazil has emerged as a fast-growing producer, seeing production increases exceeding 100% by utilizing sesame as a profitable off-season crop after soy or maize.
In the United States, production is gaining traction in the Southwest, particularly Texas and Oklahoma, and is expanding into the Southeast. This expansion depends on modern, shatter-resistant varieties developed to allow for mechanized harvesting, overcoming the traditional challenge of seed loss upon maturity.