The soursop (Annona muricata) is a tropical fruit tree recognized by its spiky green exterior and creamy white flesh. It belongs to the custard-apple family, Annonaceae, and is known as graviola in Brazil and guanábana throughout much of Latin America. Its geographical existence is strictly limited by climatic factors.
Native Range and Origin
The soursop tree originated in the tropical Americas. Its native habitat spans a wide geographical area encompassing Central America, the Caribbean islands, and the northern part of South America. Historical records from the 16th century confirm its long-established presence in the West Indies. The tree’s primary range extends from southern Mexico through countries like Colombia, Peru, and parts of Brazil, reaching as far south as Argentina. It thrives in the lowland areas up to an altitude of about 3,900 feet (1,200 meters) above sea level.
Specific Climate Requirements
The soursop tree requires specific environmental conditions, which dictate where it can grow and produce fruit successfully. It is a true tropical species, adapted to areas characterized by high relative humidity and consistently warm temperatures. The ideal mean annual temperature range for optimal growth and flowering is between 70°F and 90°F (21°C to 32°C).
The most significant constraint on its global distribution is its intolerance to cold temperatures and frost. Temperatures falling below 41°F (5°C) can cause noticeable damage to the leaves and smaller branches. Exposure to temperatures below 37°F (3°C) is often fatal to the soursop plant.
The tree also demands well-drained soil that allows for efficient root development without becoming waterlogged. While it can tolerate average or even poor soils, the best growth occurs in light-textured types, such as sandy loam or loamy sand. Optimal soil acidity for nutrient uptake is slightly acidic to neutral, typically ranging from a pH of 5.5 to 6.5.
Global Cultivation and Distribution
Following its origin in the Americas, the soursop was carried to the Old World Tropics by early explorers and traders. This historical movement led to its widespread introduction across tropical and subtropical zones globally. The fruit quickly established itself and became prevalent throughout Southeast Asia, where it is now a commercially grown crop.
Key cultivation hubs outside of its native range include:
- The Philippines
- Indonesia
- Malaysia
- Vietnam
Cultivation also extends to parts of Africa, including Nigeria and areas of eastern and western Africa, and the tree is grown on islands like Mauritius. It is also found in southern China and specific subtropical regions of Australia. The main commercial suppliers continue to be nations within its native hemisphere, including Mexico, Peru, Brazil, Ecuador, and Guatemala. In the United States, cultivation is generally limited to small-scale plantings in the warmest parts of Southern Florida (USDA Zone 10), primarily for local consumption.