A pressure dressing is a specialized type of bandage designed to apply continuous, direct pressure to a wound. Its main purpose is to control severe bleeding by compressing injured blood vessels and promoting natural clotting. This helps stop blood flow in emergency first aid situations.
The Fundamental Principle of Placement
A pressure dressing must always be applied directly over the bleeding wound to be effective. This direct placement compresses the specific blood vessels, stemming blood flow at its source. The goal is to exert firm, consistent pressure that aids clotting and prevents further blood loss.
The dressing should be sufficiently large to cover the entire wound, extending slightly beyond its edges to provide uniform pressure.
Step-by-Step Application Technique
Before beginning, ensure the scene is safe and put on protective gloves if available to prevent infection. The injured area should then be exposed by carefully removing or cutting away any clothing around the wound to fully assess the injury.
Place a clean, sterile dressing or the cleanest available cloth directly over the wound. Apply firm, direct pressure with your hand or fingers over this initial dressing. Maintain this continuous pressure for at least 5 to 10 minutes to allow the blood to begin clotting.
While maintaining direct manual pressure, secure the dressing in place with a roller bandage, elastic wrap, or strips of clean cloth. Wrap the material firmly enough to maintain consistent pressure, but not so tightly that it restricts circulation to the limb beyond the dressing. After securing the dressing, check for adequate circulation by assessing the warmth, color, and pulse (if applicable) in the extremity beyond the bandage. If blood soaks through the initial dressing, do not remove it; instead, apply additional layers of dressing on top and continue to apply firm pressure. Removing the saturated dressing can dislodge any forming clots and restart the bleeding.
When to Seek Immediate Medical Attention
While a pressure dressing is a first aid measure, certain situations necessitate immediate professional medical intervention. Seek emergency care if severe bleeding cannot be controlled despite applying continuous pressure for an extended period, typically 10 minutes or more.
Medical attention is also needed for deep or large wounds, particularly those involving major arteries or veins where blood may spurt. Wounds containing embedded objects should be evaluated by professionals; never attempt to remove impaled items as this can worsen bleeding and damage. Signs of shock, such as pale, clammy skin, rapid heartbeat, or shallow breathing, indicate a medical emergency. Any injury where nerve or bone damage is suspected, or if the wound edges are jagged or gaping, also requires prompt medical assessment. Call emergency services immediately in these cases and continue to apply pressure until help arrives.