The vibrant presence of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds is a cherished sight across Virginia during the warmer months. These tiny, iridescent birds, known for their rapid wingbeats and aerial acrobatics, bring life to gardens and natural spaces. As the days begin to shorten and a chill enters the air, a common question arises among those who admire them: where do these remarkable creatures go when winter arrives?
The Annual Migration
Ruby-throated Hummingbirds, the primary hummingbird species found in Virginia, do not remain in the state for the winter. Instead, they undertake an annual migration, traveling thousands of miles to warmer climates. Their wintering grounds are typically in southern Mexico, Central America, and sometimes extend as far south as Panama. Some individuals also spend colder months in Florida or the West Indies.
The journey south from Virginia usually begins in late summer to early fall, with most birds departing by October. Males often leave earlier, around early September, with females and younger birds following a couple of weeks later. These tiny travelers return to Virginia in the spring, typically arriving around mid-April, with males leading the way to establish territories. This migration can involve a non-stop flight of approximately 500 to 900 miles across the Gulf of Mexico, a journey that can take 18 to 22 hours.
Surviving the Journey
Undertaking such a long journey requires physiological and behavioral adaptations. Before migration, Ruby-throated Hummingbirds must accumulate substantial fat reserves, sometimes nearly doubling their body weight, to fuel their flight. This fat provides the energy for their high metabolism and fast wingbeats, which can reach 50 to 80 beats per second. Their heart rates can soar to 1,250 beats per minute during flight, demonstrating the energy expenditure involved.
Many hummingbirds fly directly across the Gulf of Mexico, a non-stop passage with no opportunities for rest or foraging. During this crossing, they can fly at speeds of up to 25 miles per hour. Along their entire migration route, these small birds face numerous challenges, including strong winds, severe weather, and predators. Finding adequate food sources along the way is also important for replenishing energy expended during flight.
Supporting Hummingbirds in Virginia
To support these birds in Virginia, particularly during migratory periods, maintaining hummingbird feeders is beneficial. Feeders should be kept clean and filled with a sugar-water solution, especially in late summer and early fall. This provides a readily available energy source for late migrants or individuals building reserves before their journey south. Leaving feeders up does not prevent hummingbirds from migrating; their instinct is primarily triggered by changes in daylight and other environmental cues, not food availability.
Beyond feeders, cultivating habitats with nectar-rich flowers provides natural food sources throughout the season. Native plants such as Cardinal Flower, Eastern Red Columbine, and Coral Honeysuckle are particularly attractive to hummingbirds. Providing these resources helps hummingbirds prepare for their migration in the fall and offers nourishment upon their return in the spring.