The Tokay Gecko (Gekko gecko) is one of the largest gecko species, with males reaching up to 16 inches (40 centimeters). This formidable nocturnal reptile is recognizable by its robust body, vibrant blue-gray coloration, and distinct orange or red spots. It is named for its loud, resonant territorial call, which sounds like a repetitive “to-kay.” Understanding its distribution requires exploring the diverse habitats across its extensive native range and the newer, non-native environments where it has established itself.
The Native Geographical Range
The indigenous habitat of the Tokay Gecko spans a massive, contiguous area across South and Southeast Asia, placing it within tropical and subtropical zones. The range begins in the west, encompassing Northeast India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. It extends eastward across mainland Southeast Asia, covering countries such as Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, and Southern China. The distribution continues across the Indo-Australian Archipelago, including Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and the Philippines.
Ecological Habitat Preferences
The Tokay Gecko is primarily an arboreal species, dwelling in trees and on vertical surfaces. It thrives in areas offering high humidity and warm temperatures, typically favoring tropical and subtropical rainforests. This species can be found in various macrohabitats, including primary forests, secondary forests, bamboo groves, and mangrove swamps.
The gecko employs specialized lamellar setae on its toe pads, allowing it to adhere securely to vertical structures, facilitating its nocturnal hunting. For shelter during the day, it seeks microhabitats that provide shade and cover, such as deep tree holes, beneath loose bark, and within rocky fissures or cliff faces. Although generally found in lowland ecosystems, the Tokay Gecko can inhabit areas up to 4,000 feet above sea level.
Adaptations to Human Settlements
Within its native range, the Tokay Gecko exhibits synanthropic behavior, living successfully in close association with humans. The lizard frequently adapts to human-altered environments, including rural habitations, plantations, and urban buildings. This adaptability is possible because human structures mimic natural shelters, providing stable temperatures and numerous crevices.
Geckos often take up residence within the walls, ceilings, and under the eaves of houses. This cohabitation is often welcomed by local populations due to the gecko’s efficiency as a natural pest control agent. As nocturnal hunters, they consume undesirable insects, including roaches, moths, and spiders, which are attracted to artificial lighting.
Introduced and Invasive Populations
The Tokay Gecko has established breeding populations outside of Asia, primarily due to the pet trade and accidental cargo transport. These introduced populations are considered invasive species, posing a threat to native wildlife through predation or competition.
Established locations include the southern tip of peninsular Florida and the Florida Keys in the United States, Hawaii, and Caribbean islands such as Martinique and Belize. The gecko’s generalist diet and tolerance for human-modified habitats have allowed it to thrive in these new tropical and subtropical regions.