The Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) is a widespread and recognizable raptor across North America. These adaptable birds of prey are a common sight, often observed soaring high above or perched prominently along roadsides. Their presence spans a vast range of habitats.
Nesting in Natural Environments
Red-tailed Hawks predominantly build their nests in natural settings, commonly utilizing forests, open woodlands, deserts, and mountainous regions for their breeding sites. Within these natural landscapes, tall trees are the primary choice for nest placement, providing a sturdy foundation for their substantial nests. These hawks often select mature, robust tree species such as pines, oaks, cottonwoods, and sycamores. The nest is typically situated in the crown or a major crotch of the tree, usually between 13 to 69 feet (4 to 21 meters) off the ground, though they can build as high as 120 feet (36.5 meters). In areas where tall trees are scarce, Red-tailed Hawks adapt by nesting on natural rock ledges or cliffs, sometimes at heights of 115 feet (35 meters) or more, or on large cacti like saguaros in desert environments.
Nesting in Human-Dominated Landscapes
Beyond natural habitats, Red-tailed Hawks exhibit remarkable adaptability, successfully nesting within human-altered environments. These raptors are increasingly common in suburban and urban areas, integrating into landscapes shaped by human activity. Their ability to thrive near human populations makes them one of the most frequently observed raptors. In these modified settings, Red-tailed Hawks utilize a variety of man-made structures for their nests. This includes communication towers, power line structures, billboards, church steeples, and other tall buildings. For instance, some individuals have nested on window ledges or even on fire escapes.
Factors Influencing Nest Site Choice
Red-tailed Hawks employ several consistent criteria when selecting a nesting site. A primary consideration is height and vantage, as elevated positions provide security and an unobstructed view of potential hunting grounds. Nests offer a wide visual sweep for surveying prey and detecting threats. Proximity to food sources is another significant factor; nests are typically located near areas with abundant prey like small mammals, birds, and reptiles, often adjacent to open fields or grasslands for efficient hunting. Structural support is also paramount, as their bulky stick nests can be quite large, sometimes measuring up to 3 feet (90 cm) in height and diameter, requiring a strong, stable foundation. The chosen site must offer some degree of protection from predators. While adult Red-tailed Hawks have few natural predators, their eggs and nestlings are vulnerable to owls, corvids, and raccoons. Sites that provide concealment or make access difficult for these potential threats are preferred, and Red-tailed Hawks generally prefer sites that minimize disturbance during the sensitive nesting period, often selecting areas with relatively lower human or animal activity.