Monkeys are diverse primates that generally possess tails, distinguishing them from apes. They inhabit a wide range of global environments, thriving in numerous ecosystems due to their adaptability.
Global Distribution Overview
Monkeys are found across three major continents: Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. They are not native to Europe, except for a small introduced population in Gibraltar, nor are they found in Australia or Antarctica. Most of North America also lacks native monkey populations.
Old World Monkey Habitats
Old World monkeys are native to Africa and Asia. In Africa, their distribution spans sub-Saharan regions, extending into parts of North Africa for certain species. They occupy diverse landscapes, including dense rainforests, expansive savannas, and mountainous terrains. Examples include baboons in savannas, colobus monkeys in forests, and mandrills from West Central Africa. Mangabeys and guenons are also widespread across the continent.
Across Asia, Old World monkeys are prevalent throughout Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and parts of East Asia, including China and Japan. Their habitats range from tropical to temperate forests and snowy mountainous areas, such as those inhabited by Japanese macaques, also known as snow monkeys. Some species, like macaques and langurs, have adapted to living near human settlements and urban areas. Proboscis monkeys are found in the rainforests of Borneo.
New World Monkey Habitats
New World monkeys are found in the tropical regions of Central and South America. Their range extends from southern Mexico, through Central America, and across vast areas of South America, particularly within the Amazon basin. Brazil, with its expansive Amazon rainforest, hosts a significant number of species. These monkeys primarily inhabit tropical rainforests, cloud forests, and other humid forest types.
Species like capuchins and spider monkeys are commonly found in the rainforests of Central and South America, often utilizing the dense tree canopy. Howler monkeys, known for their loud vocalizations, are widespread throughout these regions. Smaller species like marmosets and tamarins also thrive in the Amazon’s arboreal environments. Owl monkeys, unique for being the only nocturnal monkeys, are found in South America and Panama.
Key Habitat Characteristics
Monkeys predominantly inhabit tropical and subtropical environments. Rainforests are a preferred habitat due to abundant food sources and complex arboreal structures that offer shelter and pathways. These forests provide a rich variety of fruits, leaves, and insects, primary components of many monkey diets. Warm temperatures and consistent humidity support the lush vegetation essential for monkey survival. Beyond forests, some species have adapted to other environments like savannas and grasslands, particularly in Africa, which offer different food resources and open spaces. Highly adaptable species can also be found in mountainous regions or urban settings, interacting with human populations.