Mango worms, known scientifically as the larvae of the Cordylobia anthropophaga fly, are a common concern in certain parts of the world. These tiny organisms are responsible for a parasitic skin condition called cutaneous myiasis, where they develop within the skin of mammals, including humans.
Geographical Origins and Preferred Environments
The Cordylobia anthropophaga fly, often referred to as the Tumbu or Putzi fly, is primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa. This fly thrives in warm, humid climates, abundant across East, Central, and South Africa. Its presence has been noted in these areas for over 135 years.
The fly’s natural habitats are typically dry, sandy soils. These soils often become ideal breeding grounds when contaminated with animal feces or urine. Adult female flies also commonly deposit their eggs on damp clothing or bedding left outdoors to dry. Shaded areas are often preferred locations for egg-laying.
The Life Cycle and Infestation Process
The life cycle of the mango worm begins when an adult female Cordylobia anthropophaga fly lays her eggs, typically numbering between 100 and 300. These eggs are deposited on the ground, in sandy soil, or on damp materials like clothing or bedding left outside. Within one to three days, the eggs hatch into larvae.
Newly hatched larvae can survive in the soil without a host for approximately 9 to 15 days. Upon sensing the body heat of a nearby mammal, such as a human, dog, or rodent, the larvae become active and quickly burrow into the skin. This penetration can happen through direct contact with contaminated soil or by wearing clothing that has had eggs laid on it.
Once inside the host’s skin, the larvae develop through three stages, maturing over 8 to 12 days. During this period, they cause a boil-like lesion, known as furuncular myiasis, which typically has a small central opening for the larva to breathe. After reaching full growth, the larva exits the host, falls to the ground, buries itself in the soil, and then pupates. The pupa eventually transforms into an adult fly, completing the cycle and beginning the process anew.
Minimizing Risk of Infestation
Understanding the mango worm’s life cycle provides practical ways to prevent infestation. One effective measure involves proper handling of laundry, especially in endemic regions. It is advisable to wash clothes and bedding thoroughly, preferably in hot water, and then either iron them immediately or tumble-dry them. Ironing is particularly effective as the heat kills any eggs or larvae that may have been deposited on the fabric while drying outdoors.
Avoiding direct skin contact with potentially contaminated soil or sand is also important. This includes not sitting or lying on the ground in areas where the flies are prevalent. Promptly removing animal feces from the environment can reduce the attractiveness of the soil for egg-laying flies. Additionally, ensuring pets are protected and regularly groomed can help prevent them from becoming hosts, as they are common carriers of the larvae. If possible, drying laundry indoors can significantly reduce the risk of eggs being laid on clothing.