Groundhogs, also known as woodchucks, are common North American rodents recognized for their extensive burrowing habits. They are members of the marmot group, a type of large ground squirrel. Groundhogs are also widely associated with the annual tradition of Groundhog Day, where their emergence from a burrow is said to predict the arrival of spring.
Geographic Distribution Across the US
Groundhogs have a broad geographic range across the United States, primarily inhabiting the eastern and central regions. They are commonly found from Maine down to northern Georgia, and westward through Kansas. Their presence is noted in states such as Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina, and North Carolina.
While prevalent in the eastern half of the country and parts of the Midwest, groundhogs are generally absent from the arid western regions. Their populations have expanded in some areas, adapting to landscapes altered by human activity, such as agricultural expansion.
Preferred Habitats and Environments
Groundhogs prefer lowland environments, favoring open country and the edges of woodlands. They rarely venture far from a burrow entrance. Common habitats include woodlots, low-elevation forests, fields, pastures, hedgerows, and grassy areas like those found along highways and in meadows.
These animals demonstrate adaptability, often occupying suburban areas and agricultural lands. Such environments provide ample food sources and suitable ground for digging their burrows. Groundhogs seek well-drained soil, including sandy or gravely types, as these are easier to excavate. They also avoid damp or swampy locations.
Their Underground Homes
Groundhogs construct intricate underground tunnel systems that serve as their primary residences. These burrows are essential for sleeping, raising young, and hibernating during colder months. A typical burrow system can feature two to five entrances, with one main opening often identifiable by a prominent mound of excavated soil. Other entrances are usually less conspicuous, excavated from within the tunnel.
The tunnels themselves can extend significantly, with lengths ranging from 14 to 65 feet and depths up to 6 feet below the surface. Within these networks, groundhogs create specialized chambers for various purposes, including sleeping, nesting, and dedicated areas for waste. Some burrows are designed with an initial upward incline to prevent flooding. Groundhogs may also maintain separate burrows for summer use in grassy fields and winter hibernation in wooded areas, with winter dens dug below the frost line to remain above freezing temperatures.