As cooler weather approaches, hummingbirds disappear from Georgia’s landscapes. These tiny, iridescent birds undertake impressive migratory journeys. Understanding where they go for winter reveals their remarkable endurance.
Georgia’s Main Migrating Hummingbird
The Ruby-throated Hummingbird is the primary species that nests in Georgia and undertakes a significant seasonal migration. These small birds, weighing only a few grams, have emerald green backs and iridescent throats, which are ruby-red in males. They are the only hummingbird species known to breed across the eastern half of North America, including Georgia. While Ruby-throated Hummingbirds are most common, a few other species, such as Rufous, Calliope, and Black-chinned hummingbirds, may occasionally overwinter in Georgia.
Where They Go for Winter
Most of Georgia’s Ruby-throated Hummingbirds journey to wintering grounds in Mexico and Central America, spanning from southern Mexico through countries like Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. Smaller populations also winter in the West Indies or southern Florida.
Many undertake a non-stop flight across the Gulf of Mexico, a 500-mile expanse taking 18 to 22 hours. While some choose an overland route along the Texas and Mexico coasts, the trans-Gulf passage is common and demanding. They build significant fat reserves, increasing body weight by up to 40%, before this arduous journey.
Why and When Migration Occurs
Hummingbird migration is triggered by environmental cues, particularly diminishing food sources and changing day length. As autumn approaches in Georgia, nectar-producing flowers become scarce, and insect populations decline. Given their high metabolic rates, hummingbirds require a constant supply of nectar and small insects.
Southbound migration begins in late summer, with adult males often departing first by the end of August. Females and juveniles follow, with most Ruby-throated Hummingbirds leaving by October. Their return to Georgia occurs in spring, with first arrivals, often males, appearing between late March and early April. This timing allows them to capitalize on early blooming flowers and insects, providing essential nourishment after their long journey.
Helping Hummingbirds in Georgia
Supporting hummingbirds in Georgia involves providing reliable food and water sources, particularly during migratory periods. Maintaining clean nectar feeders is beneficial, especially in late summer and early fall as birds fuel up for migration, and again in early spring when they return. A simple solution of one part table sugar to four parts water mimics natural nectar and should be changed every few days, more often in warm weather.
Planting native flowers that bloom at various times throughout the season also offers natural food. Late-blooming native species like cardinal flower, bee balm, and trumpet honeysuckle provide nectar for southbound migrants. Early-blooming native plants such as red buckeye and coral honeysuckle are valuable for arriving birds in spring. Providing a shallow water source, like a bird bath or mister, can also assist with hydration and bathing.