The Bornean Elephant, also known as the Borneo Pygmy Elephant, is classified as a distinct subspecies of the Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus borneensis). This unique population evolved in isolation, resulting in physical differences from their mainland relatives. They are recognized for their smaller stature and comparatively gentle temperament.
Core Geographic Range
The Bornean Elephant is confined exclusively to the northeastern region of Borneo. Their distribution is split between two nations: the majority resides in the Malaysian state of Sabah. A smaller, fragmented population exists in the Indonesian province of Kalimantan, restricted to an isolated area near the upper Sembakung River in North Kalimantan. No wild populations are found in Brunei. Their current distribution is highly concentrated in specific areas, such as the Lower Kinabatangan floodplain and the central forest of Sabah. This restricted range makes the population susceptible to external pressures.
Distinct Habitat Requirements
Bornean Elephants predominantly inhabit lowland rainforests, favoring dipterocarp forests, riverine valleys, and swampy floodplains. They are generally found on flat or gently sloped ground at elevations below 300 to 400 meters. Access to permanent water sources and mineral licks is necessary for their habitat use. They are known to be excellent swimmers, frequently crossing rivers as they travel. While they prefer undisturbed forest, elephants are often found in fragmented landscapes, where they are forced to use open, grassy areas to feed. Movement patterns and home range size are directly influenced by the availability of unfragmented forest and water.
Unique Characteristics of the Subspecies
The Bornean Elephant’s uniqueness stems from its evolutionary history and physical traits. DNA evidence suggests this population was isolated from other Asian elephant relatives on the mainland and Sumatra approximately 300,000 years ago. This genetic separation led to their recognition as a distinct Evolutionary Significant Unit. Physically, the Bornean Elephant is the smallest Asian elephant subspecies, earning the “pygmy” nickname. Adult males typically reach a shoulder height of around 2.5 meters, compared to 3 meters for mainland Asian elephants. They are characterized by a more rotund body, a smaller, rounder face, relatively larger ears, straighter tusks, and an unusually long tail.
Population Status and Conservation
The subspecies has been classified as Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. This designation was based on an estimated population decline of at least 50% over the last three generations. Current population estimates suggest there are only about 1,000 individuals remaining in the wild, with only around 400 estimated to be mature breeding adults. The geographically restricted nature of their habitat makes them highly susceptible to fragmentation and human-elephant conflict. A significant threat is the rapid loss of their forest habitat; approximately 60% has been cleared in the last four decades. This deforestation is primarily driven by logging and the widespread conversion of land for commercial oil palm plantations. This habitat fragmentation forces elephants into increasingly small, isolated pockets of forest, increasing their contact with human settlements. Both the Malaysian and Indonesian governments have established action plans emphasizing the protection of their remaining forest habitats and minimizing conflict.