Turbinates are structures located within the human nose that play a part in the respiratory system. These structures condition inhaled air. Understanding their location and roles provides insight into nasal function.
Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
Within each side of the nasal cavity, there are typically three pairs of turbinates, also known as nasal conchae. These curved, shelf-like bony plates protrude from the lateral walls of the nasal passages. They are covered by a thick layer of mucous membrane, which contains a rich supply of blood vessels and glandular tissue.
The three main pairs are named based on their position: the inferior, middle, and superior turbinates. The inferior turbinate is the largest, located in the lower part of the lateral nasal wall, and is a separate bone. Above it lies the middle turbinate, part of the ethmoid bone. The superior turbinate, also part of the ethmoid bone, is the smallest and positioned above the middle turbinate. Some individuals may also have a fourth, smaller pair called the supreme turbinate.
These structures divide the nasal cavity into distinct passages, or meatuses, named after the turbinate directly above them. For instance, the inferior meatus is found beneath the inferior turbinate. This arrangement significantly increases the internal surface area of the nasal cavity, important for air processing.
The Role of Turbinates in Breathing
Turbinates perform important functions in conditioning the air before it reaches the lungs. As air enters the nose, it flows over and around these structures, ensuring it is warmed, humidified, and filtered.
The extensive surface area created by the turbinates’ scroll-like shape, combined with the rich blood supply within their mucous membranes, helps warm the incoming air to body temperature. The mucous membrane also adds moisture to the air, preventing dryness in the delicate tissues of the respiratory system further down. This humidification protects the airways.
The mucous membrane lining the turbinates traps airborne particles like dust and allergens. Tiny hair-like structures called cilia move this trapped debris towards the throat for expulsion, protecting the lungs.
When Turbinates Cause Problems
While important for healthy breathing, turbinates can sometimes cause discomfort. A common issue is turbinate hypertrophy, the enlargement or swelling of these structures, often due to inflammation of the soft tissue covering the bone.
Various factors can lead to this inflammation, including allergies, common colds, sinus infections, or exposure to environmental irritants. When turbinates become enlarged, they can obstruct the nasal passages, making it difficult to breathe through the nose. Symptoms may include persistent nasal congestion, a sensation of blockage, and noisy breathing, especially during sleep.
The inferior turbinates are most frequently affected by enlargement due to their size and exposure to inhaled air. These issues can impact daily life, leading to symptoms like a reduced sense of smell, dry mouth from mouth breathing, or snoring.