The Japanese macaque, commonly known as the “snow monkey,” is a primate species native to Japan. These animals are known for thriving in cold, snowy environments. Their thick, brownish-grey fur and distinctive pinkish-red faces allow them to endure harsh winter conditions.
Jigokudani Monkey Park
The most renowned location for observing snow monkeys is the Jigokudani Monkey Park (Jigokudani Yaen Kōen), nestled in the forests of the Jigokudani valley in Yamanouchi, Nagano Prefecture. This park is situated in the Japanese Alps, a mountainous region characterized by steep cliffs and geothermal activity. The name “Jigokudani” translates to “Hell’s Valley,” reflecting the steam and boiling water that emanate from crevices in the frozen ground.
Established in 1964, the park provides a protected habitat for Japanese macaques displaced by human development. Wild monkeys can be observed in their natural environment without fences or cages. The park features a man-made hot spring pool where the monkeys congregate, particularly during colder months.
Adapting to the Cold
Snow monkeys survive in their subarctic habitat, where temperatures can drop to -20°C (-4°F) and snow covers the ground for several months. Their dense fur grows thicker, providing insulation against the extreme cold. This physical adaptation is complemented by bathing in natural hot springs.
The habit of soaking in hot springs was first observed in 1963 when a young female macaque was seen using a hotel’s outdoor hot spring. Other monkeys soon imitated this behavior, which then spread throughout the troop as a learned tradition. Research indicates that this hot spring bathing helps the monkeys stay warm and also contributes to reducing their stress hormone levels, offering physiological benefits.
Beyond the Park’s Boundaries
While the Jigokudani Monkey Park is famous for its hot-spring bathing macaques, Japanese macaques are native to other parts of Japan. They inhabit three of Japan’s four main islands: Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. Their range extends from subtropical forests in the south to subarctic regions in the north, demonstrating their adaptability.
The hot spring bathing behavior is a specific learned tradition of the Jigokudani troop, not a universal behavior among all Japanese macaques. Other populations of Japanese macaques across the country utilize different strategies to cope with their environments.
Experiencing the Snow Monkeys
Visitors can experience the snow monkeys at Jigokudani Monkey Park year-round. The winter months from December to March are considered the best time to witness them bathing in the hot springs, as snow blankets the valley, creating a picturesque backdrop. Their reliance on hot springs for warmth is more pronounced in colder temperatures.
Access to the park involves a walk through a forest path, taking approximately 30 to 40 minutes from the nearest bus stop. Sturdy footwear is recommended, especially during winter when the path may be snowy and slippery.
To ensure a respectful and safe visit, visitors are advised to maintain distance, refrain from feeding or touching the monkeys, and avoid bringing pets into the park. The park is open daily, with varying hours depending on the season.