A sleep study, formally known as polysomnography, is a diagnostic test that records how multiple bodily systems function during sleep. This evaluation helps healthcare providers identify or rule out various conditions that disrupt sleep patterns. Studies monitor brain, heart, and respiratory activity, providing a detailed view of sleep quality. They can be performed in specialized medical facilities or at home.
Sleep Labs and Centers
Sleep labs are specialized medical facilities for comprehensive sleep studies. These environments are configured to resemble a typical bedroom, creating a comfortable setting for an overnight stay. A trained technologist prepares the patient by applying numerous sensors to the body using mild adhesive.
These sensors monitor various physiological parameters throughout the night.
Electrodes on the scalp record brain wave activity (EEG) to identify sleep stages.
Sensors around the eyes track eye movements (EOG).
Electrodes on the chin and legs measure muscle activity (EMG).
An electrocardiogram (ECG) monitors heart rate and rhythm.
Belts around the chest and abdomen track breathing effort.
Sensors near the nose and mouth measure airflow.
A clip on a finger or ear monitors blood oxygen levels (pulse oximetry).
Video and audio recording equipment captures body position, snoring, and unusual movements during sleep.
A technologist remains present in a separate control room, continuously monitoring real-time data. This allows them to address equipment or sensor issues immediately, ensuring accurate data. In-lab studies diagnose a wide range of sleep disorders, including narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder, insomnia, or seizures. This detailed monitoring provides a comprehensive picture of sleep architecture and potential disruptions.
At-Home Sleep Testing
At-home sleep testing offers a convenient and less intrusive alternative to in-lab studies, allowing evaluation in one’s home environment. These tests involve a portable device used overnight. Home sleep test equipment is simpler than an in-lab setup, often with fewer sensors.
An at-home sleep test commonly includes a nasal cannula for airflow, an effort belt for breathing movements, and a pulse oximeter for blood oxygen and heart rate. Some devices may also include a microphone for snoring. Patients receive instructions to set up the equipment themselves. The device records data overnight, which is then returned for analysis by a sleep specialist.
Home sleep tests primarily diagnose obstructive sleep apnea, a common condition with repeated breathing pauses during sleep. They are recommended for individuals at moderate to high risk for this disorder. While convenient and often less expensive, home tests do not measure brain wave activity or eye movements. This limits their ability to diagnose other complex sleep disorders or provide detailed sleep stage information.
Choosing the Best Location for You
The decision between an in-lab sleep study and an at-home test is made in consultation with a doctor or sleep specialist. This choice depends on the suspected sleep disorder and the patient’s overall health profile. If a straightforward diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea is anticipated, an at-home test may be recommended for its convenience and comfort.
More complex sleep conditions or other medical issues often necessitate comprehensive in-lab monitoring. If a doctor suspects narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome, or central sleep apnea, an in-lab polysomnography is required to gather brain activity and physiological data. Patients with co-existing heart or lung disease also benefit from real-time supervision and extensive data collection in a sleep lab. A technologist’s ability to intervene if sensors detach or issues arise further supports the choice for an in-lab study in certain situations. The medical professional assesses individual needs to determine the most appropriate diagnostic approach.