The perennial flowering plants of the genus Rosa, commonly known as roses, are globally significant ornamental plants and a multi-billion dollar commercial crop. The genus is diverse, encompassing over 300 wild species found across the Northern Hemisphere. These species have been hybridized over centuries to produce tens of thousands of cultivars. Roses thrive in locations ranging from their ancient native habitats to specialized, high-altitude farms that supply the world’s cut-flower market.
The Historical and Native Range of Roses
The Rosa genus originated primarily in the temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere. Most wild species are concentrated across Asia, with significant populations also native to parts of North America, Europe, and Northwest Africa. The greatest biodiversity of these species is found in China.
Rose domestication began in Asia, likely China, approximately 5,000 years ago. Early cultivation focused on medicinal properties, oil, and ornamental value. Roses later spread throughout the Middle East and the Mediterranean, where they were cultivated by the Romans and Egyptians for ceremonies and perfume. For centuries, European and Middle Eastern varieties remained genetically distinct from Asian types, which included repeat-blooming roses. A turning point occurred in the late 18th century when repeat-flowering Chinese roses were introduced to Europe, leading to the creation of modern hybrids.
Global Centers of Commercial Rose Production
The majority of commercially sold cut roses are cultivated in specific equatorial regions that offer unique climatic advantages, rather than their historical native range. Ecuador and Colombia are the dominant producers, leveraging their location along the Andes Mountains. These farms operate at high altitudes, often exceeding 8,000 feet. This provides cool nights and intense, consistent sunlight from the direct overhead equatorial sun.
This combination encourages a slower growth cycle, resulting in long, strong stems, large flower heads, and vibrant colors. The consistent 12-hour daylight cycle near the equator facilitates a year-round growing season and continuous harvest. Ecuador is a major exporter of cut roses, particularly for high-demand events like Valentine’s Day.
The African continent has also emerged as a major player, with Kenya and Ethiopia establishing themselves as significant exporters, primarily serving the European market. Kenyan production is concentrated around the high-altitude Lake Naivasha region, benefiting from optimal growing conditions and competitive labor. Ethiopia’s floriculture sector has expanded rapidly, with both nations capitalizing on improved logistics and air-freight capacity to deliver fresh roses quickly.
The Netherlands plays an important role in the global rose industry as the central hub for trade, distribution, and breeding. While the country cultivates some high-value roses in advanced greenhouses, its primary global importance lies in the Royal FloraHolland auction in Aalsmeer. This facility is the world’s largest flower auction, where roses from South America and Africa are traded, graded, and rapidly redistributed across Europe and beyond. The Netherlands also remains a world leader in rose breeding, developing the new varieties and rootstocks grown on farms worldwide.
Cultivating Roses in Domestic Gardens
For the home gardener, successful cultivation depends on selecting a variety compatible with the local climate. Roses are highly adaptable and can be grown across a wide spectrum of environments. The primary determinant for domestic success is the average annual minimum winter temperature, typically mapped by systems like the USDA Plant Hardiness Zones.
Gardeners in the coldest northern regions, such as Zones 3 and 4, must focus on extremely hardy types, including Rugosa varieties or cold-tolerant shrub roses. Mild climates, like Zones 7 through 9, are ideal for most traditional cultivars, such as Hybrid Teas and Floribundas, which require a moderate winter chilling period.
Warmer regions, including Zones 10 and higher, present a challenge due to a lack of sufficient chilling hours and intense summer heat. Cultivars like the heat-tolerant Knock Out roses are popular choices for these environments. Successful home cultivation requires matching the rose’s specific hardiness rating to the local zone.