Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are common, adaptable mammals recognized by their distinctive facial masks and ringed tails. This article explores their geographical distribution across the globe, from their native lands in the Americas to areas where they have been introduced by human activity.
Native Range in North America
Raccoons’ native distribution spans a significant portion of North America. They are present from southern Canada, throughout the continental United States, and into parts of Mexico. This vast native range includes diverse environments like forests, wetlands, and coastal areas, primarily near water sources such as rivers and swamps.
In North America, raccoons inhabit almost every U.S. state, with a notable presence across the eastern and central regions. Their historical presence in Canada is concentrated in the southern provinces, including British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. In Mexico, their native range extends through the country’s central and southern areas, including the Yucatán Peninsula.
Expansion Across the Americas
From their native range, raccoons have naturally extended their presence into Central and South America. This expansion demonstrates their ability to adapt to new tropical and subtropical environments. They have established populations in countries like Panama and Costa Rica, inhabiting coastal regions and lowland forests.
Their natural spread continues into northern South America, including Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador. Raccoons are also observed in Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, primarily in regions with suitable aquatic habitats and dense vegetation.
Introduced Populations Globally
Beyond their native and naturally expanded ranges in the Americas, raccoons have been introduced to other continents through human activities. Europe has seen significant establishment of raccoon populations, with Germany hosting one of the largest concentrations. Raccoons are also found in France, Spain, Italy, and the United Kingdom, often originating from escapes or deliberate releases.
In Asia, Japan has a notable introduced raccoon population, largely stemming from the pet trade following a popular animated television series in the 1970s. Raccoons are also present in Russia, Belarus, and Azerbaijan, primarily due to past fur farming efforts. These introductions, for fur production or as pets, have led to established wild populations.
Diverse Habitats and Adaptability
Raccoons’ adaptability allows them to thrive in various habitats within their geographical ranges. They inhabit dense forests, swamps, and marshes, utilizing natural food sources like fruits, nuts, insects, and small vertebrates. Their dexterity allows them to forage effectively in these diverse natural settings.
Their adaptability extends to human-modified landscapes, including suburban neighborhoods and urban centers. Here, raccoons utilize human-provided resources like discarded food from garbage cans and pet food left outdoors. They find den sites in places such as hollow trees, abandoned buildings, attics, and storm drains. This flexibility, encompassing natural and human-dominated environments, contributes to their widespread distribution.