Millipedes are a diverse group of arthropods belonging to the class Diplopoda, characterized by their elongated, segmented bodies and two pairs of jointed legs on most body segments. Although their name suggests “a thousand feet,” most species have significantly fewer, typically ranging from 34 to 400 legs, though some rare species can possess over 1,300. These creatures are primarily slow-moving detritivores, consuming decaying plant matter, and play a part in natural ecosystems.
Worldwide Presence
Millipedes inhabit every continent except Antarctica, demonstrating a broad global distribution and adaptability to various climate zones. They thrive in diverse environments, from temperate forests of North America and Europe to tropical rainforests of Africa and South America. Their presence extends even to arid regions, where some species have evolved adaptations like waxy cuticles to conserve moisture. Millipedes can be found as far north as the Arctic Circle and as far south as Argentina.
Natural Dwelling Places
Millipedes primarily inhabit dark, damp environments rich in organic matter, which serves as both shelter and food. Forests are common dwelling places, where they are often found beneath leaf litter. In these ecosystems, millipedes contribute to decomposition by breaking down dead leaves and woody debris.
They frequently reside under rocks, logs, and within the soil, preferring hidden, moist conditions. These micro-habitats offer necessary humidity and protection from predators and desiccation. Some species even occupy cave environments, adapting to consistent darkness and moisture.
Common Home Encounters
Millipedes are primarily outdoor organisms, but they can occasionally be found in and around homes. They are often encountered in gardens, compost piles, and under outdoor objects like landscaping timbers or potted plants, where moisture and decaying organic matter are plentiful. Their presence indoors is typically accidental, as they seek refuge from unfavorable outdoor conditions. Extreme weather, such as heavy rains or prolonged dry spells, often drives them toward structures. Basements, crawl spaces, and damp garages are common indoor locations, offering the cool, dark, and humid conditions they prefer.
Key Environmental Factors
Millipede distribution is largely dictated by their fundamental environmental requirements: moisture, darkness, and decaying organic matter. They breathe through spiracles, which necessitate high humidity to prevent desiccation. Millipedes require moist soil or substrate, but not waterlogged conditions, as excessive moisture can obstruct their spiracles and lead to oxygen deprivation.
Darkness is also a factor, as they are primarily nocturnal and seek shaded environments to avoid direct light. Their diet consists almost exclusively of decaying plant material, making habitats rich in leaf litter, rotting wood, and other organic debris essential. While specific temperature preferences vary, most millipedes thrive in moderate temperatures, generally ranging from 70°F to 80°F (21°C to 27°C), though they can tolerate ranges from 60°F to 90°F (15°C to 32°C).