Elk, once absent from Tennessee’s landscape, have made a remarkable return, re-establishing their presence in the state. These large mammals now roam parts of the mountainous eastern regions. Understanding where these herds reside and how to observe them responsibly is important for conservation and visitor safety.
Where Tennessee’s Elk Reside
Tennessee’s primary elk population is concentrated within the North Cumberland Wildlife Management Area (NCWMA) in the northeastern part of the state. This expansive area spans approximately 670,000 acres. Within this zone, elk prefer a mosaic of habitats, including mature hardwood forests, clearings from timber harvesting, and reclaimed surface coal mine lands that have developed into grasslands.
A central location for elk viewing within the NCWMA is the Hatfield Knob Elk Viewing Tower, which overlooks meadows frequently used by the herd. The current elk population in this zone is estimated to be between 350 and 450 animals. A separate, smaller elk population also exists in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, primarily within the Cataloochee Valley, with approximately 200 elk roaming the park and surrounding areas.
The Return of Elk to Tennessee
Elk were historically abundant across Tennessee but were extirpated from the state by the mid-19th century due to over-exploitation and habitat destruction. The Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA) initiated efforts in the late 1990s to restore these animals to their former range.
The reintroduction program began in December 2000 with the release of 50 elk from Alberta, Canada, into what is now the North Cumberland WMA. Over the next eight years, a total of 201 elk were released into this area. This restoration zone was chosen due to its extensive public land, minimal agricultural presence, and suitable habitat. Separately, the Great Smoky Mountains National Park initiated its own reintroduction in 2001, releasing 25 elk from the Land Between the Lakes.
Observing Elk Safely in Tennessee
For those interested in observing elk, certain times and locations offer better opportunities. Elk are most active and visible during the early morning and late evening hours, and sometimes on cloudy summer days. September and October are particularly rewarding for viewing, as this period marks the rut, or mating season, when male elk can be heard bugling and seen competing for dominance. Winter afternoons can also provide good viewing of females and calves gathering in open fields.
The Hatfield Knob Elk Viewing Tower in the North Cumberland WMA provides a designated and accessible spot for observation. Visitors should remain quiet to avoid startling the animals. In the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the Cataloochee Valley and the Oconaluftee Visitor Center area are primary locations for viewing elk. Maintaining a safe distance of at least 50 yards (150 feet) from elk is important, as these are wild animals with unpredictable behavior, especially during the rut.
Feeding, touching, or intentionally disturbing elk is illegal and unsafe. If viewing elk near roadways, individuals should pull their vehicle completely off the road and remain inside or close to their vehicle for safety. A live elk camera at Hatfield Knob is also available for virtual viewing.