The Florida black bear (Ursus americanus floridanus) is the only bear species found in Florida. These bears once faced significant population declines, but conservation efforts have led to a notable rebound in their numbers. Their presence across Florida’s landscapes shows the recovery of this adaptable mammal.
Historical and Current Distribution
Historically, Florida black bears ranged across the entire Florida mainland, extending even to some upper Florida Keys. Their population experienced a severe reduction by the mid-20th century due to habitat loss and unregulated hunting, plummeting to an estimated 300 to 500 individuals by the 1970s. This decline left bears occupying only about 18% of their original territory.
Conservation efforts have led to a significant recovery, with the bear population now over 4,000 individuals statewide. Their current range covers approximately 49% to 51% of their historic distribution. Primary population centers include the Ocala National Forest and the Apalachicola National Forest. Other populations are found in the Big Cypress National Preserve, Osceola National Forest, Eglin Air Force Base, Gulf Hammock Wildlife Management Area, and regions within the St. Johns River basin and the Lake Wales Ridge. These populations are often fragmented across the state.
Florida Bear Habitats and Adaptations
Florida black bears inhabit a variety of forested environments across the state. They live in forested wetlands, uplands, and mixed woodlands, including sand-pine scrub, oak scrub, and hammocks. These areas provide the dense cover, water sources, and diverse food required for their survival.
The Florida black bear is an omnivore, with a diet that is about 80% plant-based. Their food choices vary seasonally and regionally, but commonly include acorns, saw palmetto berries, and other fruits and nuts. They also consume insects such as ants, wasps, and termites, as well as carrion. Bears do not hibernate deeply in Florida’s subtropical climate, but may enter a state of torpor, especially pregnant females who den between late December and mid-April to give birth. Dens are typically ground nests in thick vegetation, excavated dens, or occasionally tree cavities, offering protection for the female and cubs.
Coexisting with Florida Bears
As human development expands, interactions between people and Florida black bears become more frequent. Bears are often drawn into developed areas by readily available food sources. This includes unsecured garbage, pet food left outdoors, and bird feeders. Bears have an excellent sense of smell, allowing them to detect food from a considerable distance.
To minimize conflicts, residents and visitors should secure all potential attractants:
- Store household garbage in sturdy sheds, garages, or bear-resistant containers.
- Put trash out on the morning of pickup rather than the night before.
- Feed pet food indoors.
- Remove or make bird feeders bear-resistant.
- Clean grills after each use and store them securely.
- Never intentionally feed bears; this is illegal and can lead to dangerous encounters, as it makes them lose their natural wariness and become dependent on human-provided food.
If a bear is encountered, remain calm and avoid sudden movements. Do not run, as this may trigger a chase response, and never play dead. Instead, stand your ground, make noise to scare the bear, such as yelling or banging pots and pans, and slowly back away, ensuring the bear has a clear escape route. If a bear charges or makes physical contact, fight back aggressively using any available objects.
Conservation and Management Efforts
The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) leads efforts to manage and conserve the Florida black bear population. These efforts have allowed the species to rebound from its threatened status, leading to its delisting in 2012. The FWC continues to monitor bear populations and implements various strategies to ensure their long-term well-being.
Habitat protection and restoration are central to these efforts, safeguarding the large, connected natural areas bears require. Public education campaigns are also conducted to inform residents about bear behavior and how to prevent human-bear conflicts. The FWC promotes the use of bear-resistant trash containers and supports the development of wildlife crossings, which help bears safely cross roads and reduce vehicle-related mortalities. Public reporting of bear sightings and conflicts assists the FWC in understanding bear movements and managing populations effectively.