Kidney stones are hard, pebble-like deposits that can form in the kidneys when certain minerals and salts in urine become highly concentrated. While some smaller stones may pass through the urinary system without causing noticeable symptoms, others can lead to discomfort and pain. This article aims to clarify when symptoms associated with kidney stones require immediate emergency medical attention.
Recognizing Kidney Stone Symptoms
Kidney stone symptoms often appear when a stone moves through the urinary tract. A common symptom is pain, which typically arises in the lower back or side, often described as sharp or cramping. This discomfort can shift and radiate towards the lower abdomen or groin, frequently coming in waves. Accompanying symptoms may include nausea and vomiting. Some individuals also experience a frequent or urgent need to urinate, or pain and burning during urination. Urine might appear cloudy, have a foul odor, or contain blood (pink or reddish).
Urgent Reasons for Emergency Care
Certain kidney stone symptoms require immediate emergency care. Unbearable pain not relieved by typical pain medication is one such indicator. Another serious sign is fever (above 100.4°F / 38°C) with chills, indicating a kidney or urinary tract infection. Such an infection, especially with a stone causing a blockage, can be a serious medical concern. An inability to pass urine, or significant difficulty doing so, is another urgent symptom, as it may indicate a complete blockage of the urinary tract. Persistent nausea and vomiting preventing fluid intake can lead to dehydration and may also warrant an emergency visit. Furthermore, individuals with a known single kidney, or those with underlying conditions like diabetes or decreased kidney function, should seek immediate medical attention if they experience any kidney stone symptoms, as they may be at higher risk for complications. These circumstances highlight the necessity of prompt evaluation to prevent potential kidney damage or widespread infection.
What Happens During an ER Visit
At the emergency room, medical professionals typically conduct an assessment that includes a physical examination, blood tests, and urine analysis. Blood tests help evaluate kidney function and check for signs of infection, while urine tests can detect blood, mineral crystals, or infection. Pain management is an immediate focus, with medications often administered intravenously to alleviate severe discomfort and nausea. Imaging tests are then performed to determine the stone’s size, location, and whether it is causing a blockage. A non-contrast computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis is frequently used, as it is highly accurate in detecting kidney stones. An ultrasound may also be used, particularly if radiation exposure is a concern. The goal of the ER visit is to stabilize the patient, diagnose the situation, and determine the appropriate next steps, which could range from continued monitoring to intervention if complications are present.
When to Seek Non-Emergency Medical Advice
Not all kidney stone symptoms require an emergency room visit. If the pain is mild and manageable with over-the-counter pain relievers, and there are no signs of infection like fever or chills, consulting a primary care physician or urologist is generally appropriate. Small stones, often the size of a grain of sand, may pass without significant discomfort. If symptoms are present but do not include unbearable pain, persistent vomiting, or difficulty urinating, non-emergency medical advice can guide management. A healthcare provider can assess the situation, potentially prescribe medication to help the stone pass, and monitor progress. They can also offer advice on hydration and other strategies to facilitate stone passage. This approach helps manage symptoms while avoiding unnecessary emergency department visits.