Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a central role in managing blood sugar levels. Its primary function is to counteract low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) by prompting the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream. Glucagon is a medication used in emergency situations to rapidly raise blood sugar when an individual experiences severe hypoglycemia.
Recognizing Severe Low Blood Sugar
Severe hypoglycemia is a medical emergency, typically occurring when blood glucose levels drop below 54 mg/dL. At this stage, the affected individual may not be able to help themselves.
Symptoms can progress beyond mild indicators like shakiness or sweating to more serious manifestations. These severe signs include confusion, disorientation, slurred speech, or an inability to complete routine tasks. The person might become incredibly weak, unable to swallow, or even lose consciousness. Seizures are also a possibility with severely low blood sugar. If untreated, severe hypoglycemia can lead to brain damage or even death.
Key Indicators for Glucagon Administration
Glucagon should be administered when a person with diabetes experiences severe low blood sugar and is unable to consume sugar orally. This includes situations where the individual is unconscious, unresponsive, or having a seizure. It is also indicated if they are unable to safely swallow food or drink. For example, a person may be disoriented or too weak to chew or drink effectively.
It is important to understand that glucagon is not intended for mild or moderate hypoglycemia where the person is conscious and can still safely eat or drink a source of fast-acting sugar. Having a glucagon kit, whether it is a pre-filled syringe, auto-injector, or nasal spray, readily available is important for emergency preparedness.
Actions Following Glucagon Use
After administering glucagon, monitor the person’s response. Most individuals will regain consciousness within 5 to 15 minutes. Immediately call for emergency medical help, such as 911. Do not wait to see if the person recovers before seeking professional medical assistance.
If the person is unconscious when they start to awaken, they may experience nausea or vomiting. To prevent choking, turn them onto their side into a recovery position. Once the person is fully awake and can safely swallow, provide a source of fast-acting carbohydrates, such as fruit juice or a regular soft drink. Follow this with a longer-acting snack, like crackers and cheese or a sandwich, to help prevent blood sugar from dropping again.
Essential Glucagon Use Information
Proper storage of glucagon is important. Most glucagon formulations should be stored at room temperature, typically between 68° to 77°F (20° to 25°C). It should be kept in its original packaging and protected from light, and it must not be frozen. Always check the expiration date on the kit and replace it before it expires.
Glucagon requires a prescription, and it is important for individuals at risk of severe hypoglycemia to have it on hand. Family members, friends, or caregivers should know where the glucagon is stored and how to administer it correctly in an emergency. While glucagon is an effective emergency treatment, it is not a substitute for consistent diabetes management and regular monitoring of blood glucose levels.