The Ostrich Fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris) is a deciduous perennial that thrives in shade. Its showy, sterile fronds emerge in spring, unfurling into a vase-like crown that can reach heights of up to six feet. The fern is also the source of edible fiddleheads, which are the tightly coiled young fronds harvested early in the season. It is a popular choice for adding a lush, woodland feel to a landscape.
Optimal Planting Timing
The most favorable time for planting Ostrich Ferns is during the cooler seasons to minimize stress on the root system. The primary window is early spring, just after the risk of a hard frost has passed and before new growth fully emerges. Planting at this time allows the fern to establish roots before the onset of summer heat and dryness.
Early fall is an equally acceptable period, providing moderate temperatures and often consistent moisture. This timing is particularly beneficial for bare-root stock or divisions, as the plant is entering dormancy and can focus its energy on subterranean establishment. Container-grown ferns offer more flexibility but should still be placed in the ground well before extreme summer heat or winter freezing occurs.
Bare-root ferns, which are often shipped while dormant, should be planted immediately upon arrival. Planting dormant stock ensures the roots can begin to grow right away, giving the fern a head start before the next growing season.
Site Selection and Soil Preparation
Successful establishment requires attention to light and soil conditions. The plant thrives in locations that receive partial to full shade, such as under a tree canopy or on the shaded side of a structure. Direct afternoon sun must be avoided, especially in warmer climates, as intense rays can scorch the fronds, causing them to turn brown and wilt.
The preferred soil is consistently moist, rich in organic matter, and well-draining. Ostrich Ferns prefer damp conditions, though they cannot tolerate standing water, which leads to root rot. The ideal soil pH for this species ranges from slightly acidic to neutral.
Prior to planting, the soil should be amended to ensure fertility and proper structure. Heavy clay or poor soils benefit from incorporating organic material, such as compost, leaf mold, or well-rotted manure. Mixing these amendments into the top 8 to 12 inches of the planting area improves both moisture retention and drainage.
Planting Procedure for Establishment
Once the site is prepared, planting requires a shallow, wide hole to accommodate the root system. For container-grown ferns, gently tease apart circling roots to encourage outward growth into the surrounding soil. Bare roots should be spread out horizontally in the planting hole before backfilling.
The planting depth is important for the Ostrich Fern’s crown, which is the base where fronds emerge. The crown must be positioned level with or slightly above the surrounding soil surface. Planting the crown too deeply can lead to crown rot.
Since Ostrich Ferns spread quickly via underground runners, proper spacing is necessary for their mature size and air circulation. Planting individual ferns 18 to 36 inches apart gives them adequate room to develop their full, vase-shaped form. After positioning the plant, gently backfill the soil around the roots and firm lightly to remove air pockets. The final step is a thorough, deep watering to settle the soil and fully hydrate the newly planted fern.
Initial Care and Monitoring
The first growing season following planting requires consistent moisture to encourage establishment. Maintaining medium to wet soil conditions throughout the summer is the most important factor for the fern’s health. Newly planted ferns lack the robust root system necessary to tolerate dry periods, and a lack of water can cause fronds to brown or the plant to go prematurely dormant.
The plant may appear to stop growing or have fronds die back during this initial phase because it is prioritizing the development of a hardy root system underground. Applying a two to three-inch layer of organic mulch around the base of the plant helps conserve soil moisture, regulate soil temperature, and keep the roots cool during warmer weather.
Monitoring the fern for signs of stress, such as wilting or discoloration, allows for timely adjustments to the watering schedule. Consistent attention to soil dampness during the establishment period, which can take up to two years, ensures a successful transition to a self-sufficient perennial.