Clover is a valuable legume frequently planted in Missouri, serving purposes such as enriching soil health, providing high-quality forage, or acting as a cover crop. As a legume, clover fixes atmospheric nitrogen into the soil through a symbiotic relationship with specific bacteria, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers. Its dense root structure makes it an excellent choice for improving soil tilth, controlling erosion, and supporting wildlife. Successful establishment depends heavily on selecting the correct variety and planting during a favorable time window.
Optimal Planting Timelines for Missouri
Planting clover in Missouri is guided by two primary periods, allowing seedlings to establish roots before environmental stress. The first is the spring seeding period, often beginning with frost seeding in late winter. This method involves broadcasting seed over frozen or thawing ground from mid-February through mid-March, allowing freeze-thaw cycles to work the seeds into the soil.
For a prepared seedbed, the spring window extends from late March through early May, after the last hard freeze. This timing allows clover to germinate and develop a robust root system during cool, moist conditions. Planting too late risks exposing vulnerable seedlings to intense heat and drought common during Missouri summers, which severely reduces establishment rates.
The second opportunity is the late summer or fall seeding period, preferred for establishing perennial clover varieties. This window generally runs from mid-August through mid-September. Planting allows the clover to germinate and develop a deep root system during milder autumn temperatures, preparing it for winter dormancy.
The cooler temperatures and reliable moisture of the fall season reduce competition from annual weeds, allowing the clover to focus energy on root growth. Northern parts of the state should aim for the earlier end of these windows, while southern parts have flexibility toward later dates. Fall establishment often leads to higher total forage yield compared to spring seeding.
Selecting the Right Clover Variety
Choosing the appropriate clover variety depends on the intended use, such as forage production, wildlife food plots, or soil improvement.
Medium Red Clover
The most widely used variety is Medium Red Clover (Trifolium pratense), a short-lived perennial excellent for hay and pasture. Red clover is well-adapted to Missouri’s clay soils and tolerates low soil pH and poor drainage better than legumes like alfalfa.
White Clover
White Clover (Trifolium repens) is valued for its persistence and grazing tolerance. It spreads aggressively via stolons, making it a good fit for pastures and areas needing ground cover. It prefers cool, moist conditions and may struggle in drought.
Crimson Clover
For a quick-growing cover crop, the annual Crimson Clover (Trifolium incarnatum) is an option, known for its vibrant red blooms and rapid establishment. It requires well-drained soil and is best suited for the warmer climate of the lower Midwest. Certified seed is recommended to ensure genetic purity and adaptation to regional diseases.
Essential Soil Preparation and Seeding Techniques
A successful clover stand begins with proper soil analysis and pH adjustment. Clover thrives in slightly acidic to neutral soil, with a preferred pH range of 5.5 to 7.0. Soil testing determines the necessary amount of lime, often required in Missouri soils to raise the pH. Adequate levels of phosphorus and potassium are important for strong root development and persistence, and should be addressed before planting.
Before seeding, clover seed must be inoculated with the correct strain of Rhizobium bacteria, specific to clover species. This step is necessary because the bacteria colonize the clover roots and initiate the nitrogen-fixation process. The seed must be planted very shallowly due to its small size and limited energy reserves.
The maximum planting depth for clover is one-quarter inch, with an ideal depth closer to one-eighth inch. Ensuring firm seed-to-soil contact is the most important mechanical step for germination. After broadcasting, lightly cultipacking or rolling the area presses the seed firmly into the soil surface, preventing drying and promoting rapid emergence. Mixing the seeds with an inert material like sand can help achieve a more even distribution.