Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, a small organ located at the base of the brain. It plays a specific role in enabling mammals to produce milk, a process known as lactation. Prolactin levels naturally increase during pregnancy to prepare the body for breastfeeding.
Prolactin’s Role in Milk Production
Prolactin’s main function is to stimulate the mammary glands to produce milk. This process begins with a “prolactin reflex,” where suckling or milk expression stimulates nerve endings in the nipple. These nerve signals travel to the brain, prompting the pituitary gland to release prolactin into the bloodstream.
The released prolactin then acts on the mammary alveoli, which are tiny pockets in the mammary glands responsible for making and storing milk. Consistent and effective milk removal through feeding or pumping is directly linked to continued prolactin release. This ongoing stimulation is how the body receives the signal to maintain a healthy milk supply for the baby’s needs.
Times of Highest Prolactin Activity
Prolactin levels exhibit specific patterns throughout the day and in response to feeding. During and immediately after a breastfeeding or pumping session, prolactin levels surge significantly, often doubling the baseline. This peak typically occurs around 30 to 45 minutes after a feed begins and remains elevated for a few hours, preparing the breasts for the next feeding.
Prolactin levels also follow a natural daily rhythm, known as a circadian rhythm. They are naturally higher during the night and early morning hours, usually peaking between 1 AM and 6 AM. This nocturnal surge is a factor in why night feeds are important for maintaining a robust milk supply.
In the immediate postpartum period, overall prolactin levels are highest. These levels establish the foundation for milk production in the first few weeks after birth. While levels gradually decline over several months, they remain sufficient as long as consistent demand is present.
Factors Affecting Prolactin Levels
Frequent and effective milk removal is a primary driver for sustained prolactin levels. Consistent emptying of the breasts signals the body to continue producing prolactin. Infrequent feeding or incomplete milk removal can decrease prolactin levels.
Stress and fatigue can also influence prolactin release. Chronic stress or severe tiredness can inhibit the hormone’s function. Prioritizing adequate rest and sleep, especially during nighttime hours, supports the body’s natural prolactin rhythms.
Certain medications or underlying health conditions can impact hormonal balance, including prolactin levels. For instance, some medications that block dopamine can increase prolactin, while others can decrease it. Thyroid imbalances or pituitary issues can also affect prolactin production.
Supporting Healthy Prolactin Production
To support healthy prolactin levels and milk supply, focus on frequent and effective milk removal. Nursing on demand, ensuring a proper latch, and regularly emptying the breasts. For those who pump, aiming for 8 to 12 sessions in 24 hours can help maintain levels.
Prioritizing night feeds is also beneficial, as prolactin levels are naturally higher during these hours. Engaging in skin-to-skin contact with the baby can promote relaxation and hormone release. This physical closeness helps stimulate both oxytocin and prolactin.
Focusing on self-care, including adequate rest and stress management techniques, supports hormonal balance. While extra fluid intake beyond thirst does not necessarily increase milk supply, staying well-hydrated and maintaining a balanced diet with sufficient calories are recommended for overall well-being and lactation.