Gastric lavage, often called “stomach pumping,” is a medical procedure to remove harmful ingested substances from the stomach. It is used in emergencies to reduce the absorption of toxic materials into the body.
Understanding Gastric Lavage Indications
Gastric lavage is for specific, life-threatening ingestions of toxic substances, like medication overdoses or poisons. It is time-sensitive, most beneficial within one to two hours of ingestion, as stomach contents move quickly into the intestines. Beyond this, its effectiveness significantly decreases.
It is not routine for most poisonings due to safer alternatives like activated charcoal, which binds to toxins and prevents absorption. Therefore, it is reserved for cases where other treatments are not viable or sufficient, or when a lethal amount of a substance not adsorbed by charcoal is ingested. A medical professional decides on gastric lavage after assessing the ingestion and patient’s condition.
The Gastric Lavage Procedure
The procedure involves inserting a large tube into the stomach, either through the mouth (orogastric) or nose (nasogastric). An orogastric tube is preferred to avoid nasal passage injury. The tube is lubricated for easier passage.
Once in place, the tube’s position is confirmed by aspirating stomach contents or listening for air. Small amounts of fluid (usually warm tap water or saline) are administered through the tube. This fluid and stomach contents are drained into a collection bucket, often by gravity or gentle suction. This process repeats until the fluid returning from the stomach appears clear, indicating most accessible contents have been removed.
Potential Complications
Gastric lavage carries risks, which is why its use has become less common. A significant concern is aspiration pneumonia, where stomach contents are inhaled into the lungs, especially if the airway is not protected. This risk is higher in unconscious patients or those with an impaired gag reflex.
The procedure can also lead to mechanical injuries, like damage or perforation of the esophagus or stomach. Other complications include fluid and electrolyte imbalances affecting body functions, and patient discomfort. These dangers underscore why gastric lavage is considered only when benefits outweigh risks.
Emergency Response
Immediate action is necessary if poisoning or overdose is suspected. The most important step is to call emergency services (e.g., 911) or a poison control center. In the United States, the national Poison Help hotline is 1-800-222-1222.
Provide as much information as possible: symptoms, age, and details about the ingested substance (type and approximate amount). Do not induce vomiting or administer home remedies, as these actions can cause more harm than good. Always seek professional medical help without delay; timely intervention can improve outcomes in poisoning cases.