Coyotes are adaptable wild canids found across North and Central America, often inhabiting areas near human populations. Understanding their annual life cycle, especially their mating season, provides insight into their behaviors and helps foster coexistence. Awareness of these patterns helps anticipate changes in coyote activity and allows for appropriate safety measures.
The Core Mating Period
Coyote mating season occurs in late winter to early spring, spanning from January to March in many regions. February is often the peak month for breeding activity. Timing can vary based on geographic location, climate, and food availability; for example, breeding may start in February in southern states but shift to March in northern areas. The entire breeding season lasts about four to six weeks.
Behaviors During Mating Season
During mating season, coyotes exhibit noticeable changes in behavior. Increased vocalizations, such as howling, yipping, and barking, become more frequent as they communicate with potential mates and establish territories. These vocal displays can make a pair of coyotes sound like a larger group. Coyotes also show heightened territoriality, actively defending home ranges that can span many square miles. Activity levels increase, with coyotes seen more frequently, even during daylight hours, as they search for mates and patrol boundaries. Male coyotes become more aggressive as they compete for breeding opportunities and guard their chosen female. Monogamous pairs form strong bonds, often breeding with the same partner year after year.
Gestation and Pup Rearing
Following mating, the female coyote undergoes a gestation period of 60 to 63 days. Pups are born between March and May, often in April or May, depending on the mating timeline. A litter consists of five to seven pups, though this number varies based on population density and food availability. Coyote pups are born blind and deaf, completely dependent on their parents. They remain in an underground den for the first few weeks, with the female nursing them and the male providing food. Pups emerge from the den around three weeks of age and are weaned by about one month. Both parents participate in raising the young, teaching them essential survival skills until they become independent in the fall.
Coexisting Safely
Living safely alongside coyotes involves understanding their behaviors and taking preventative measures, especially during periods of increased activity like mating and pup-rearing seasons. Secure potential food sources by keeping pet food indoors, using enclosed compost bins, and ensuring garbage cans have tight-fitting lids. Removing fallen fruit and taking down bird feeders also reduces attractants. Supervise pets, particularly small dogs and cats, as coyotes may view them as prey or competition. Keep dogs on a leash during walks, especially in areas with known coyote activity, for greater control. If a coyote appears too close or exhibits bold behavior, employ hazing techniques to reinforce their natural wariness of humans. This involves appearing large, yelling, and using noisemakers until the coyote retreats.