Sun poisoning, also known as polymorphic light eruption (PMLE), is an intense reaction to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. It is a severe form of sunburn that extends beyond typical discomfort, involving a widespread bodily response. While the term “poisoning” might suggest an ingested toxin, it describes the body’s pronounced reaction to excessive sun exposure. Symptoms can resemble an allergic reaction or flu-like illness.
The Timeline of Onset
The onset of sun poisoning symptoms typically occurs hours to days following significant sun exposure. Symptoms often appear within 6 to 12 hours after UV exposure, though the full range may not develop until 24 to 48 hours later. The exact timing can vary based on UV radiation intensity, an individual’s skin type, and sun exposure duration. Symptoms usually peak within two to three days before gradually improving over the following week.
Identifying the Symptoms
Sun poisoning symptoms include severe redness, inflammation, and blistering on affected skin. An itchy rash, appearing as small red bumps or larger patches, often accompanies these changes. Beyond the skin, individuals may experience systemic symptoms such as fever, chills, headaches, and nausea. Dizziness, fatigue, and dehydration can also occur.
Understanding the Causes and Risk Factors
Sun poisoning results from an abnormal immune system reaction to ultraviolet light, particularly UVA rays. This reaction occurs when the body’s immune system identifies sun-induced skin changes as a foreign threat, initiating a defensive response. Prolonged exposure to intense UV radiation without adequate protection is a primary cause. Risk factors include fair skin, a family history of sun sensitivity, and living in areas with more intense sun exposure. Additionally, some medications, such as certain antibiotics or anti-inflammatory drugs, can heighten skin sensitivity to sunlight.
Treatment and Prevention Strategies
Immediate steps for managing sun poisoning involve getting out of the sun and cooling affected skin. Applying cool compresses or taking a cool bath can alleviate discomfort. Staying well-hydrated with water and electrolyte-rich fluids is important, especially if experiencing nausea or dizziness. Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen can reduce pain and inflammation. For severe blistering, extensive rash, or persistent flu-like symptoms, seeking medical attention is advisable, as prescription medications like oral steroids or topical antibiotics may be needed.
Preventing sun poisoning requires consistent sun protection. Use broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, applying 15 to 30 minutes before sun exposure and reapplying every two hours (or more frequently after swimming or sweating). Wear sun-protective clothing like long sleeves, pants, and wide-brimmed hats for a physical barrier. Seek shade, especially during peak sun hours (10 a.m. to 4 p.m.), to reduce exposure. Gradually increasing sun exposure at the start of sunny seasons can also help skin adapt.