Hummingbirds are migratory birds that visit Indiana during warmer months. Primarily the Ruby-throated Hummingbird, these tiny, jewel-toned creatures are a common sight across the state, adding vibrant activity to gardens and natural areas. Their annual presence is part of a remarkable cycle, involving an extensive journey to distant wintering grounds.
Typical Departure Timeline in Indiana
Hummingbirds begin their southward migration from Indiana as summer transitions into fall. While some may start their journey as early as late July, the majority of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds depart Indiana by late August or early September. By mid-September, most have left the state, heading towards their winter destinations. However, late-season stragglers, especially those migrating from areas further north, can be observed passing through Indiana into October.
Environmental Cues for Migration
Hummingbirds begin their migratory flight based on a combination of environmental signals. Decreasing daylight hours, known as photoperiod, serve as a primary trigger, signaling the approaching change in seasons. As days shorten, temperatures gradually drop, further prompting preparation. Simultaneously, the availability of natural food sources, such as nectar-producing flowers and insects, begins to decline.
These environmental changes prompt hummingbirds to increase their food intake significantly. They focus on building up fat reserves, which are crucial for fueling their migration. A hummingbird may nearly double its body weight in fat before embarking on its journey, providing the necessary energy for sustained flight.
The Long Journey South
After departing Indiana, Ruby-throated Hummingbirds journey to wintering grounds primarily in southern Mexico and Central America, extending to Panama. Some individuals may also spend the winter along the U.S. Gulf Coast or in southern Florida. Their migration routes can vary, with many birds opting for a direct, non-stop flight across the Gulf of Mexico.
This trans-Gulf crossing covers approximately 500 miles and requires 18 to 22 hours of continuous flight. During this time, the birds must rely entirely on their stored fat reserves, as there are no opportunities to rest or refuel over the open water. While some hummingbirds choose this direct route, others may follow coastal paths around the Gulf, allowing for intermittent stops to feed and rest.
Supporting Hummingbirds During Migration Season
Supporting hummingbirds during migration is possible by providing reliable food and water sources. Keeping feeders clean and filled with a sugar-water solution is helpful, especially for birds actively migrating through the area. A common misconception is that leaving feeders out prevents hummingbirds from migrating; their departure is instinctively driven by environmental cues, not food availability. It is recommended to keep feeders available until about two weeks after the last hummingbird sighting.
To prepare the sugar solution, mix four parts water with one part white granulated sugar, ensuring it is fully dissolved. Change this solution regularly to prevent spoilage: every three to five days in warmer weather, and at least once a week in cooler conditions. In addition to feeders, planting late-blooming, nectar-rich flowers provides natural food sources that aid migrating birds. Providing shallow water sources, such as misters or drippers, can also offer hydration and bathing opportunities for these flyers.