Hummingbirds, with their iridescent feathers and rapid wingbeats, are captivating visitors to Missouri’s landscapes each year. These tiny birds undertake impressive journeys, returning to the state as warmer weather signals the availability of nectar and insects. Their seasonal presence brings a unique vibrancy to gardens and natural areas across Missouri.
The Annual Arrival Timeline
Ruby-throated hummingbirds, the most common species found in Missouri, begin their northward migration from wintering grounds in southern Mexico and Central America in early spring, arriving in Missouri starting in early to mid-April, though exact dates can fluctuate annually. Male hummingbirds often precede females by approximately eight to ten days to establish breeding territories and locate food sources. Their migration is influenced by factors like weather patterns, temperature, and the availability of food along their route. Day length changes also trigger their migratory instincts. These birds undertake a long journey, including a non-stop flight of about 600 miles across the Gulf of Mexico.
Preparing for Their Return
To welcome hummingbirds back to your outdoor space, preparing feeding stations and planting specific flowers is beneficial. Set out feeders in southern Missouri around mid-to-late March, or between April 1st and April 25th, to be ready for the earliest arrivals. Nectar solution is simple: one part white sugar to four parts water. Do not add red dye; the feeder’s color attracts them, and artificial coloring can be harmful. Honey and artificial sweeteners should also be avoided, as they can harm hummingbirds.
Clean feeders regularly to prevent harmful bacteria and mold. Clean every two to three days in warmer weather, or every three to five days in milder temperatures. Hot water and white vinegar work well for cleaning; avoid dish soap, which leaves residues. Placing feeders in partial shade can help keep the nectar fresh longer. Complement feeders with native plants for natural nectar sources, as hummingbirds are particularly drawn to tubular flowers in shades of red, orange, or pink. Native plant options for Missouri include:
- Cardinal flower
- Jewelweed
- Trumpet creeper
- Bee balm
- Columbine
Their Summer Stay and Departure
Once settled in Missouri, ruby-throated hummingbirds will nest and raise their young throughout the summer months. Nesting activities commence in mid-May, with females constructing cup-shaped nests on tree branches. A single pair may raise two broods during the season. These birds spend their summer foraging for nectar and insects, which provide the energy and protein needed for their active lives and for feeding their growing young.
As summer transitions into fall, hummingbirds begin their southward migration to their wintering grounds. Their departure from Missouri starts in mid-August, with most birds having left the state by early October. Some individuals, especially those migrating from further north, may still be observed passing through Missouri into late September. It is a common misconception that leaving feeders out will delay their migration; however, hummingbirds migrate based on biological cues like changes in daylight hours, not solely on food availability. Therefore, it is beneficial to keep feeders clean and filled until you have not observed any hummingbirds for at least two weeks, ensuring late migrants have access to vital energy sources.